3GL   4GL   5GL   .

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  1. Elitist Ant System
  2. Ant-Q
  3. Ant Colony System
  4. Max-min Ant System
  5. ASrank

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Elitist Ant System

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Ant-Q

(Luca M. Gambardella) 1995 , , Q-learning [4]. , . Ant-Q , Q-.

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Ant Colony System

1997 , [5]. , .

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Max-min Ant System

(Tomas Stutzle) (Holger Hoos) , [6]. , .

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ASrank

(Bernd Bullnheimer), (Richard F. Hartl) (Christine Strau?) , [7]. , , , . , , .

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  1. M. Dorigo, "Ottimizzazione, apprendimento automatico, ed algoritmi basati su metafora naturale (Optimization, Learning, and Natural Algorithms)", "Doctorate in Systems and Information Electronic Engineering", Politecnico di Milano, 1992 .
  2. A. Colorni, M. Dorigo, V. Maniezzo, "Distributed Optimization by Ant Colonies" // Proceedings of the First European Conference on Artificial Life, Paris, France, Elsevier Publishing, . 134-142, 1991 .
  3. M. Dorigo, V. Maniezzo, A. Colorni, "The Ant System: Optimization by a colony of cooperating agents" // IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics-Part B, 26, 1, . 29-41, 1996 .
  4. L. M. Gambardella, M. Dorigo, "Ant-Q: A Reinforcement Learning Approach to the Traveling Salesman Problem" // Twelfth International Conference on Machine Learning, Morgan Kaufmann, . 252-260, 1995 .
  5. M. Dorigo, L. M. Gambardella, Ant Colony System: A Cooperative Learning Approach to the Traveling Salesman Problem // IEEE Transactions on Evolutionary Computation Vol. 1, 1, . 53-66, 1997 .
  6. T. Stutzle, H. Hoos, "MAX-MIN Ant System and local search for the traveling salesman problem" // IEEE International Conference on Evolutionary Computation, . 309-314, 1997 .
  7. Bernd Bullnheimer, Richard F. Hartl, Christine Strau?, "A new rank based version of the Ant System. A computational study" // Adaptive Information Systems and Modelling in Economics and Management Science, 1, 1997 .
  8. T. Stutzle, M. Lopez-Ibanez, P. Pellegrini, M. Maur, M. de Oca, M. Birattari, Michael Maur, M. Dorigo, "Parameter Adaptation in Ant Colony Optimization" // Technical Report, IRIDIA, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2010 .
          3GL   4GL   5GL   .

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