As soon as it has become clear, that the motion of planets is subjected
to the laws of a mechanics of a rigid body, and their interaction to law
of universal gravitation, then at the came time arose a problem on the
future of a solar System. Whether is it possible to imagine its geometry
and qualitative features through many millions years?
Yes, theoretically it is possible under following conditions:
all laws of a mechanics are known;
in differential equations describing motion of planets are taken
into account all interinfluences and disturbance (in a solar System them
is about 20 thousand!);
it is known, how the solar System has arisen and developed.
From these conditions it is visible, that the problem looks practically
insoluble. However physicists and the mathematicians have learned to make
model, simplified problems. They select only essential characteristics and
effects. The approximate methods of problem solution of a perturbation
theory then multiply are checked up in practice.
The science is obliged to Poincare [1] (1854...1912) and Ljapunov [2]
(1857...1918) to creation of a mathematically stringent and consistent
theory of stability of motion. But for the first time problem of motion
stability of planets was put forward by two outstanding mechanics and
mathematicians Laplace [3] and Lagrange [4] (1773). The problem is to
compound differential equations of motion of planets taking into account
all disturbances and interference as well as to fix whether the
inequalities is cyclic or century thus to determine whether the system is
unstable or not. The Laplace and Lagrange by joint efforts have decided a
problem of stability of a solar System only as a first approximation,
which has appeared obviously insufficiently. It is necessary to note that
all these activities on definition of stability of a solar System would be
impossible without a laborious long work of the astronomers and
mathematicians on definition of evolution of planetary orbits during
several hundreds thousand years.
Arnold [5] (Russia), after the Poincare and Ljapunov, has prolonged to
solve the problem of stability. He, it is considered, practically has
decided a problem of stability of a solar System. But, despite of such
apparently, outstanding outcome of the complicated mathematical
researches, feelings of final victory above a problem do not arise. And
that is why.
All of physicists and the mathematicians participated in activities on
stability, were assured of finalities of a classic mechanics (the most of
physicists is assured of it and now). However there are facts and
theoretical premises, which one convince that the classic mechanics is not
finished, and there are certain laws of the nature, which one are not open
yet. The incompleteness of a classic mechanics also has brought physics in
crisis in the beginning of XX century, to occurrence of a relativity
theory and to waiving classic invariants.
Already more than two centuries the formula of Titsius- Bode [6] (1772)
for planetary distances are in a center of attention of the researchers,
however its secret while remains not open. In spite of the fact that the
values of distances differ a little from calculated with formula, due to
it the asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter was retrieved, and Adams and
Lever'e used it by search of Neptune. The sense of this formula became
clear after the rise of quantum mechanics (1915). Distances of planets up
to the Sun are expressed in this formula through an ordinal number of a
planet that means only one – quantization! So, the solar System is
quantized?!
After appearance in hand of the scientists of the powerful tool of a
quantum mechanics for the description of a radiation spectrum and
absorption of atom, the riddle of quantization has risen before the
researchers in all beauty and inaccessibility. And it became clear, that
the mechanism of radiation and absorption is connected to quantization of
electronic shells. But, not having solved this secret in atom, the priests
of science have imposed the secret veto on existence of the same secret in
gravitation. So, in "to Nuclear physics" of Born [7] is readable:
"...Stability of atoms is completely not clear from the classic point of
view. For comparison let us imagine a system of planets revolved around of
the Sun, each of which goes, if there is no disturbing effect, on definite
constant orbit. Let's assume, however, that the solar System would appear
suddenly in immediate proximity, for example, to the Sirius. Then this
neighborhood already in itself would distort a trajectory of planets. If
then the solar System was again deleted from the Sirius, the planets would
become revolved around of the Sun already on new orbits with new angular
rate and cycle times..."
Further Born makes a magnificent zigzag in logic, not noting that he
contradicts himself. However, let's read up: "...If the electrons in atom
were subject to the same mechanical laws, as planet of a solar System, a
foregone corollary of any interaction between two atoms would be full
change of base frequencies of electrons. So that after interaction each
atom would radiate light of completely other lengths of waves. However,
this is in the radical contradicts... with the experimental fact" (is
selected by me – N.N.). Born has not noted here, that "the experimental
fact" can contradict and with a solar System, as "stability of atoms is
completely not clear from the classic point of view".
Let's return now again to a problem of stability of a solar System. We
now see, that this problem can be resolved completely in other way, thus
for in stance Chetaev [8] attempted to decide it. He has stated thought
that "...the stability is principle general phenomenon. It should,
apparently to appear in fundamental laws of the nature". The search of
such laws has led him to quantum mechanics and to Schrödinger equations.
However long-term activity in this direction, except for the expression of
a hypothesis about quantization of a solar System, has led to nothing. And
it is natural so far as quantum mechanics itself "is made" only "by
guessing of equations and it has no reasonable basis". Besides Chetaev has
not decided to refuse from Planck's constants, having indicated that this
constant is suitable only for an electromagnetic interaction, while in a
gravitation other constants should be used. You see nobody will use
gravitation constant from a law of universal gravitation in a Coulomb's
law!
After failure of Chetaev, Molchanov [9] has put forward idea that
"evolutionally mature vibratory systems inexitably are resonance, and
their constitution is formed (similarly to quantum systems) by set of
integers". However idea about resonance is departure back in relation to
quantization of Chetaev. You see in quantum mechanics and one electron
in atom of hydrogen is subordinate to the laws of quantization. Therefore,
the laws of quantization depend on more fundamental reasons inside the
mechanics of motion. And such reasons lie on a surface: a resonance of
oscillations imposed on one body. It is a widespread phenomenon in a
mechanics. Thus, the resonance should be a solution of quantum
mechanics.
After appearance of the formula of Titsius – Bode of hundred
researchers attempted to improve this law, or to find another of causal
character, but even most known of them of Smith [10] and Fisenkov [11] can
not be considered as the formulas of quantization, as number of a planet
enters in them only indirectly. It is necessary especially to mark
importance of the formula of Fisenkov, as it includes mass of planets. For
us it is very important for a following reason: the mass of planets can
appear in the formula of quantization only in case if at it there is a
ratio for lengths of de Broglie's waves. As at usage only of second
Newton's law for calculation of the characteristics of orbits the
planetary mass is not taken into account.
However it is necessary now to inform to the reader, that the new
laws of a mechanics were already disclosed. Those are laws of delay of
a potential (graviodynamics). In what is their essence? It appears,
at grasping of the meaning of the laws of interaction and of transference
of an interaction potential on distance, the researchers inevitably ought
to come to concept of velocity of interaction. If the velocity of
interaction is finite, and it is real so, the potential of interacting
bodies starts to lag behind a moving body and laws of dynamics of the
Galilei – Newton start to be distorted. The laws of delay of a potential
of Gauss [12], of Weber [13] and Clausius [14] for an electromagnetic
interaction and law of Gerber [15] for a gravitation display these
distortions. Now it is very difficult to understand, why the scientific
world of a planet till now has not understood importance of these
discoveries, but I think, that it is connected to rise of a relativity
theory and scrambling around of it.
About what reasons the relativity theory has appeared for, why it
somewhat could substitute for the theory of a delayed potential and why it
can not be considered valid, I wrote in the article "The General principle
of relativity does not exist".
Investigating delay of a potential to moving bodies, I have found out,
that the lag happens nonuniformly, therefore the body is subject to
longitudinal vibrations (see article "Brilliance and poverty" of quantum
mechanics"). Thus, the delay of a potential results in two fundamental
consequences: 1) to reduction of force of interaction from velocity and 2)
to longitudinal vibrations of moving bodies having the formula of a de
Broglie's view for lengths of waves. That means a way out to quantum
mechanics for any interaction, including for gravitation.
Hence, stable motion on orbit is on principal general phenomenon for
any interaction. Therefore, quantization is necessary term. However at an
obtaining of the formula for length of longitudinal vibrations (view of de
Broglie) was found out, that the constant of quantization by a complicated
way (through the law of interaction) depends on mass of a body. As in an
electromagnetic interaction mass of electrons on orbit is constant,
Planck's constant remains constant too.
The check of the retrieved relation for quantization of a solar System
has shown following: as a first approximation without effect of mass of
planets a theoretical curve of quantization (parabola) is close to
observed. However detection of effect of mass on change of proportionality
factor has appeared rather complicated and is in stage of search.
The finding of the law of quantization of planetary distances will have
an effect on cosmogony. The mechanism of formation and evolution of
planetary systems will be explained. That, in its turn, gives us the
answer to a question: are we lonely in Universe?
The literature:
A. Poincare. Selected transactionses in 3 volumes, v. 1,
Gravitational astronomy. Science, M., 1971. In Russian.
A.M. Lapunov. Selected transactionses. AS USSR, 1959. In
Russian.
P.S. Laplace. The report in Parisian AS, 1773. In: V.G.
Djomin. "Destiny of a solar system". Science, M., 1969. In Russian.
J.L. Lagrange. The article 1784. In: V.G. Djomin. "Destiny
of a solar system". Science, M., 1969. In Russian.
V.I. Arnold. The solution of a problem on motion stability
in arbitrary Hamiltonian systems if there is permanent disturbances. In:
V.G. Djomin. "Destiny of a solar system". Science, M., 1969. In Russian,
page 209...240.
I.E. Bode. The law of planetary distances established I.D.
Titsius. 1772. In: R. Kurt "A dimensional Analysis in an astrophysics.
World, M., 1975, page 196. In Russian.
M. Born. Nuclear physics. Science, M., 1981. In Russian.
N.G. Chetaev. Motion stability. Activities on an analytical
mechanics. A S USSR, M., 1967. In Russian.
A.M. Molchanov. Resonance of frame of a solar System. In:
V.G. Djomin. "Destiny of a solar system". Science, M., 1969. In Russian.
O.Ju. Shmidt. Four lectures about the theory of a
geogenesis. AS USSR, M., 1954.
V.G. Fisenkov. Transactionses of the First conference
on cosmogony April 16...19, 1951. AS USSR, M., 1951.
C.F. Gauss. Transactionses, V. 5, Royal science
foundation, Goettingen, 1867. In: N.T. Roseveare. Mercury's perihelion
from Le Verrier to Einstein. World, M., 1985, page 145. In Russian.
W. Weber. Werke, Vol. 4, 247...299, Springer, Berlin,
1894. In: N.T. Roseveare. Mercury's perihelion from Le Verrier to
Einstein. World, M., 1985, page 140...144. In Russian
R. Clausius. Ableitung eines neuen electrodynamischen
Grundgesetzes. J. Reine angew. Math., 82, 85...130, 1877. In: N.T.
Roseveare. Mercury's perihelion from Le Verrier to Einstein. World, M.,
1985, page 146. In Russian
P. Gerber. Spatial and temporary propagation of a
gravitation. Z. Math. Phys., 43, p. 93...104, 1898.
Знаете ли Вы, как разрешается парадокс Ольберса? (Фотометрический парадокс, парадокс Ольберса - это один из парадоксов космологии, заключающийся в том, что во Вселенной, равномерно заполненной звёздами, яркость неба (в том числе ночного) должна быть примерно равна яркости солнечного диска. Это должно иметь место потому, что по любому направлению неба луч зрения рано или поздно упрется в поверхность звезды. Иными словами парадос Ольберса заключается в том, что если Вселенная бесконечна, то черного неба мы не увидим, так как излучение дальних звезд будет суммироваться с излучением ближних, и небо должно иметь среднюю температуру фотосфер звезд. При поглощении света межзвездным веществом, оно будет разогреваться до температуры звездных фотосфер и излучать также ярко, как звезды. Однако в дело вступает явление "усталости света", открытое Эдвином Хабблом, который показал, что чем дальше от нас расположена галактика, тем больше становится красным свет ее излучения, то есть фотоны как бы "устают", отдают свою энергию межзвездной среде. На очень больших расстояниях галактики видны только в радиодиапазоне, так как их свет вовсе потерял энергию идя через бескрайние просторы Вселенной. Подробнее читайте в FAQ по эфирной физике.
