- Objective-C
C
( C Objective-C ). :
-
Smalltalk ( ),
, (BOOL, YES NO), .
C++ . Objective-C runtime . , . (, ). . Objective C . . , .
objc_sendmsg(object, selector, arguments). , , . , :
[mycalendar ordinalityOfUnit:myunit inUnit:myunit2 forDate:mydate]
… “ordinalityOfUnit:inUnit:forDate:”. objc_sendmsg , 32- . , .
arguments varargs C.
fragile base class. , API . , Cocoa- NSController, . , API , . Apple API. , Camino Roxio Toast Titanium, . , , . , , id, .
Java, Objective C . , , .
id. id void , id, void. id. . . , NSController*, . , . , NSController NSController, . , ( runtime ), . Objective C ( objc_), , , .
Objective-C ( Ruby). , (), .
:
@””. NSString, char*, C.
#include Objective-C #import, .
(framework). , .framework. ( ) Headers, Resources, Frameworks. #import <Cocoa/Cocoa.h> Cocoa.framework/Headers/Cocoa.h .
:
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// |
| , |
#if 0 ... #endif |
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/* ... */ |
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Yes |
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[_a-zA-Z][_a-zA-Z0-9]* |
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variable = value |
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type variable |
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type variable = value |
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{ ... } |
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== |
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!= |
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< > <= >= |
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returntype f(type1 p1, type2 p2, ...) |
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f(a, b, ...) |
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f() |
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; |
| - |
if (condition) ... |
| - - |
if (condition) ... else ... OR ( condition ? ... : ... ) |
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while (1) ... |
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while (condition) ... |
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do ...while (!condition) |
| for - next 1 |
for (int i = 1; i <= 10; i++) ... |
| for - next 1 |
for (int i = 10; i >= 1; i--) ... |
Objective-C
Objective-C 80-x Smalltalk. (, ), ( ). , Objective-C C. - : , Objective-C ( ), , Objective-C. , ++. 1988 NeXT ( Apple) Objective-C ( SDK). 1992 GNU OpenStep. GCC Objective-C. NeXT, Apple SDK (, , IDE) . IDE Xcode, GUI Interface Builder. Cocoa GUI ( ) Objective-C.
Objective-C
Objective-C .m ( ++ Objective-, .mm). .h. , Objective- . id, ( void *). nil. , id. : , id? isa, , NSObject ( NS NeXT Step). isa Class. , , , ( ). Objective-C, , @ ( @protocol, @selector, @interface). (@private, @protected) . Cocoa NSString. @Hello world, Hello world. BOOL ( unsigned char) YES NO. Objective-C ( objc/objc.h) :
- @interface ( )
- @implementation
- @protocol ( ++, )
- @end \ ,
- @private ( ++)
- @protected . ( ++)
- @public ( ++)
- @try ( ++)
- @throw - ( ++)
- @catch () , @try ( ++)
- @finally @try, ,
- @class ( ( ++))
- @selector(method_name) method_name
- @protocol(protocol_name) - protocol_name
- @encode(type_spec) , type_spec
- @synchronized() ,
Objective-C
- , , . . :
[receiver method];
:
[receiver method: 20.0 : 30.0];
. . -:
[receiver methodWithFirstArgument: 10 andSecondArgument: 20];
:
[receiver undefinedNumberParameters: one, two, three, four, five, six, seven];
, C, ( void) :
BOOL booleanValue;
booleanValue = [reveiver method];
nil . , , , , , , . , - :
if ([anObject respondsToSelector: @selector(myMethodWith2Argumets::)])
{
//
[anObject myMethodWith2Argumetns: @first : @second];
}
else
{
//
}
- :
id objc_msgSend(id receiver, SEL method, ...);
SEL, , char const *, int, .
isa receiver ( Foundation, Cocoa, NSObject, isa ), , method. , , id ( ) objc_msgSend(). , , . - , objc_msgSend() .
, :
[receiver ddObject: otherObject];
:
objc_msgSend(receiver, 12, otherObject);
12 addObject:. objc_msgSend() receiver , ( NSArray, 12), :
addObject(receiver, otherObject);
, addObject :
- (void)addObject: (id)otherObject;
. , - , , , , . . ("-"), . ( ) ( ), .. - . ( , ) self ( this ++), super. , _cmd . ++ Objective-C - virtual, .
(+), , , , self ( static- ++). isa , self, super , , .
, :
-|+ (< >)
[ : (< >)
[ [] : (< >)]
]
:
+ (Class)class;
+ (id)alloc;
- (id)init;
- (void)addObject: (id)anObject;
+ (NSString *)stringWithCString: (const char*)aCString usingUncoding: (enum NSStringEncoding)encoding;
- (NSString *)initStringWithFormat: (NSString *)format, ;
( id) ( Class), :
[myLabel setText: [[NSString stringWithString: @Hello] stringByAppendingString: @ world]];
UILabel UIKit text @Hello world. , , @Hello @ world. stringWithString NSString - @Hello. NSString, -. stringByAppendingString @ world. NSString, - . setText: myLabel.
Complex.h:
#import <Foundation/Foundation.h> // NSObject NSString
@interface Complex : NSObject
{
double _re; //
double _im; //
NSString *_format; // description
}
- (id)initWithRe: (double)re andIm: (double)im; //
+ (Complex *)complexWithRe: (double)re andIm: (double)im; //
- (Complex *)add: (Complex *)other; //
- (Complex *)sub: (Complex *)other; //
- (NSString *)format; // _format
- (void)setFormat: (NSString *)format; // _format
- (double)re; //
- (void)setRe: (double)re;
- (double)im;
- (void)setIm: (double)im;
@end
, @interface @end. ( ). . description . , , dealloc init, . Complex description , , , , , . init, description dealloc .
, , c : 1) ( alloc) 2) ( ).
MyClass *myObject = [[MyClass alloc] init]; // MyClass alloc , init myObject
:
NSMutableArray *array = [[NSMutableArray alloc] init]; //
MyClass *myObject = [[MyClass alloc] init]; //
[myObject myMethod]; //
[array addObject: myObject]; //
MyClass *otherObject = [array getLastObject:]; // ,
[otherObject myOtherMethod: YES]; // BOOL
( ) . , . :
+ (NSString *)stringWithCString: (char const *)string encoding: (NSStringEncoding)encoding;
, , alloc init:
NSString *myString = [NSString stringWithCString: Bla-bla-bla encoding: NSASCIIStringEncoding];
, , , (, , ) . Objective-C . , , . , , , . alloc, . retain, release. NSObject, . , NSString ( @I am a string) -1, . :
id anObject = [SomeClass alloc]; // == 1
[anObject init]; //
[anObject reatin]; // ( == 2)
[anObject release]; // ( == 1 )
[anObject release]; // , 1
init . . , id init, init. :
- (id)init
{
self = [super init]; //
//
if (self) //
// , nil
{
//
}
return self; //
}
( ) :
- (id)initWithInt: (int)number
{
if (self = [super init])
{
_myMember1 = [[SomeClass alloc] init]; // : ,
_myMember2 = [[SomeClass alloc] init];
_myIntMember = number; //
//
}
return self;
}
release retain NSObject , , :
- (void)retain
{
[_internalLock lock]; //
_referenceCounter++; // _referenceCounter
[_internalLock unlock];
}
- (void)release
{
[_internalLock lock];
_referenceCounter--; //
if (!_referenceCounter) //
{
[_internalLock unlock];
[self dealloc]; // , ( )
}
[_internalLock unlock];
}
dealloc, , , , . , dealloc NSObject , . dealloc - :
- (void)dealloc
{
[_myMember1 release]; //
[_myMember2 release]; //
//[_myIntMember release]; , ..
[super dealloc]; //c ,
}
. , . , , , , , set:
- (void)setRe: (double)re
{
_re = re;
}
_re , . , . :
//,
[label setText: @Hello world]; // text
// label NSString *
// setText UILabel ( 1)
- (void)setText: (NSString *)text
{
[text retain]; //
[_text release]; // _text
_text = text; //
}
// setText UILabel ( 2)
- (void)setText: (NSString *)text
{
if (_text != text) //c
{
[_text release]; //
// _text
_text = [text retain]; //
//
}
}
// setText UILabel ( 3 )
- (void)setText: (NSString *)text
{
if (_text != text)
{
[_text autorelease]; // e
// _text
_text = [text retain]; //
//
}
}
3 , , (. ).
:
- (NSString *)text
{
return _text;
}
:
-(NSString *)sayHelloToName: (NSString *)name withSurname: (NSString *)surname
{
NSString *retString = [[NSString alloc] initWithFormat: @%@ %@!, name, surname]; //
return retString;
}
. id, %@. , , id? , description . NSObject. NSString . , . , double:
- (NSString *)description
{
return [NSString stringWithFormat: @re: %lf im: %lf, _re, _im]; // @re: 1.0 im: 2.5 _re == 1.0 _im == 2.5
}
sayHelloToName:withSurname: , , release. , , , . , . NSAutoreleasePool .
, , autorelease. ( ) . release, , ( , ). . , , . , . , , , () .
, Cocoa, NSAutoreleasePool ( ), ( ). main(), Objective-C, Cocoa :
int main(int argc, char *argv[]) // main()
{
NSAutoreleasePool *pool = [[NSAutoreleasePool alloc] init]; // ,
int retVal;
//
[pool drain]; // , autorelease
return retVal;
}
sayHelloToName:withSurname: :
-(NSString *)sayHelloToName: (NSString *)name withSurname: (NSString *)surname
{
NSString *retString = [[NSString alloc] initWithFormat: @%@ %@!, name, surname]; //
[retString autorelease]; // , retString
return retString;
}
, drain release , , , . , Mac OS 10.4 , iOS .
Complex.m Complex:
#import Complex.h
@implementation Complex
- (id)init
{
return [self initWithRe: 0.0 andIm: 0.0];
}
- (id)initWithRe: (double)re andIm: (double)im
{
if (self = [super init])
{
_re = re;
_im = im;
_format = @re: %.1lf im: %.1lf; //
}
}
+ (Complex *)complexWithRe: (double)re andIm: (double)im
{
return [[[Complex alloc] initWithRe: re andIm: im] autorelease];
}
- (Complex *)add: (Complex *)other
{
return [[Complex alloc] initWithRe: _re + other->_re andIm: _im + other->_im];
}
- (Complex *)sub: (Complex *)other
{
return [[Complex alloc] initWithRe: _re other->_re andIm: _im other->_im];
}
- (NSString *)format
{
return _format;
}
- (void)setFormat: (NSString *)format
{// -
[format retain];
[_format release];
_format = format;
}
- (double)re
{
return _re;
}
- (void)setRe: (double)re
{
_re = re;
}
- (double)im
{
return _im;
}
- (void)setIm: (double)im
{
_im = im;
}
- (NSString *)description
{//
return [NSString stringWithFormat: _format, _re, _im];
}
- (void)dealloc
{
[_format release]; // dealloc
[super dealloc];
}
@end
. complexWithRe:andIm: Complex, . description, NSString. , Complex:
#import Complex.h
#import <stdio.h> // printf()
int main()
{
NSAutoreleasePool *pool = [[NSAutoreleasePool alloc] init];
Complex *num1 = [[Complex alloc] init]; //0.0+0.0*i
Complex *num2 = [[Complex alloc] initWithRe: 1.5 andIm: -2];
//1.5-2.0*i
Complex *num3 = [Complex complexWithRe: 5 andIm: 7];
//5.0+7.0*i
printf(%s\n, [[num2 description] cStringUsingEncoding: NSASCIIStringEncoding]); //> re: 1.5 im: -2.0
printf(%s\n, [[[num2 add: num3] description] cStringUsingEncoding: NSASCIIStringEncoding]); //> re: 6.5 im: 5.0
[num1 setRe: [num2 re]]; // _re num1 num2
[num1 setIm: [num3 im]]; // _im num1 num3
[num1 setFormat: @%.2lf+%.2lf*i]; // num1
printf(%s\n, [[num1 description] cStringUsingEncoding: NSASCIIStringEncoding]); //> 1.50+7.00*i
[num1 release];
[num2 release];
//[num3 release]; , ..
[pool drain];
return 0;
}
(, , ) \ :
// CategorizedComplex.h
#import Complex.h
@interfce Complex (CategorizedComplex)
- (Complex *)mul: (Complex *)other;
- (Complex *)div: (Complex *)other;
@end
// CategorizedComplex.m
#import CategorizedComplex.h
@implementation Complex (CategorizedComplex)
- (Complex *)mul: (Complex *)other
{
return [Complex complexWithRe: _re * other->_re - _im * other->_im andIm: _re * other->_im + _im * other->_re];
}
- (Complex *)div: (Complex *)other
{
double retRe, retIm, denominator;
denominator = other->_re * other->_re + other->_im * other->_im;
if (!denominator)
return nil;
retRe = (_re * other->_re + _im * other->_im) / denominator;
retIm = (_im * other->_re - _re * other->_im) / denominator;
return [Complex complexWithRe: retRe andIm: retIm];
}
@end
:
CategorizdComplex *num1 = [[CategorizedComplex alloc] initWithRe: 1 andIm: 999];
Complex *num2 = [Complex complexWithRe: 0 andIm: 0];
CategorizedComplex *num3 = [num1 div: num2]; //num3 == nil
:
// CategorizedComplex.m
#import CategorizedComplex.h
@interface Complex ()
- (void)zeroComplex; //
@end
@implementation Complex
- (void)zeroComplex //
{
_re = 0;
_im = 0;
}
@end
Objective-C , , , ( ++, virtual = 0). 2.0 ( @required, ) ( @optional). , , . , , , :
@protocol MyPrinterProtocol
@required
- (void)print;
- (BOOL)switchedOn;
@optional
- (void)loadPapaer: (int)numberOfPages;
@end
@interface MyPrinter : NSObject <MyPrinterProtocol>
// MyPrinter MyPrinterProtocol
{
BOOL _state;
int _numberOfPages;
}
- (id)initWithState: (BOOL)state andPagesCount: (int)pages;
- (BOOL)state;
@end
O MyPrinter print switchedOn, , respondsToSelector:, loadPaper:, . , - :
MyPrinter *printer;
id anotherPrinter = [[MyPrinter alloc] init];
[anotherPrinter print]; //
, . .
@interface MyPrinter : NSObject <MyPrinterProtocol, OtherProtocol>
(id), , :
id <MyPrinterProtocol> somePrinter;
: , , . , , , , , , . Objective-C .
. ( ) . Cocoa NSException, NSString ( id):
- (id)initWitnName: (NSString *)name reason: (NSString *)reason userInfo: (id)userInfo;
, , , @throw. , , , @try ( ). , , @catch(), . @catch() @try . , , @try , @catch(), @catch(), , ( , id). @catch(), . @try @finally, , @try ( - @catch()), . Cup fill :
Cup *cup = [[Cup alloc] init];
@try
{
[cup fill]; // fill NSException
}
@catch (NSException *exception)
{// NSLog
NSLog(@"main: Caught %@: %@", [exception name], [exception reason]);
}
@finally // @try
{
[cup release];
}
@finally , @try, .
Objective-C 2.0 a Complex : . :
// Complex.h
#import <Foundation/Foundation.h> // NSObject NSString
@interface Complex : NSObject
{
double _re; //
double _im; //
NSString *_format; // description
}
- (id)initWithRe: (double)re andIm: (double)im;
+ (Complex *)complexWithRe: (double)re andIm: (double)im;
- (Complex *)add: (Complex *)other; //
- (Complex *)sub: (Complex *)other; //
@property (nonatomic, retain) NSString *format; //
@property (nonatomic, assign) double re; //
@property (nonatomic, assign) double im;
@end
// Complex.m
#import Complex.h
@implementation Complex
@synthesize format = _format; //
@synthesize re = _re; //
@synthesize im = _im; //
- (id)init
{
return [self initWithRe: 0.0 andIm: 0.0];
}
- (id)initWithRe: (double)re andIm: (double)im
{
if (self = [super init])
{
_re = re;
_im = im;
_format = @re: %.1lf im: %.1lf; //
}
}
+ (Complex *)complexWithRe: (double)re andIm: (double)im
{
return [[[Complex alloc] initWithRe: re andIm: im] autorelease];
}
- (Complex *)add: (Complex *)other
{
return [[Complex alloc] initWithRe: _re + other.re andIm: _im + other.im]; // re im
}
- (Complex *)sub: (Complex *)other
{
return [[Complex alloc] initWithRe: _re other.re andIm: _im other.im]; // re im
}
@end
, .. . , .
- getter=getterName, setter=setterName , getterName, setterName
- readonly
- readwrite
- assign
- retain retain, release
- copy , ( copy)
- nonatomic ( c )
Complex . , .
, - . , , .
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