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genius Albert Einstein, Ђ«мЎҐав ќ©­и⥩­ - ЈҐ­Ё© ўбҐе ўаҐ¬Ґ­

Dr. Bryan G. Wallace

FARCE OF PHYSICS

http://users.navi.net/~rsc/physics/wallace/farce.txt
© Copyright 1993 Bryan G. Wallace
                           Chapter 5

                          Light Lunacy


   At first I did not realize the military implications of
realistic knowledge of the nature of the relative velocity of
light in space.  The article that opened my eyes on this matter
was titled "The Search for a Nuclear Sanctuary (II)", and it was
published in the journal Science in 1983.[58]  The following
quotations are from that article:

     Buried inside the Defense Department's bureaucracy is a
  small, well-run program of enormous significance in the
  ongoing debate over whether or not the United States should
  construct a large-scale antiballistic missile system, as
  President Reagan proposed in his widely publicized "Star
  Wars" speech last March.  It is known as the Advanced
  Strategic Missile System (ASMS) program, and almost
  everything that falls under its jurisdiction is considered
  secret....
     For roughly two decades, the technical managers of ASMS
  and its bureaucratic antecedents have analyzed potential
  Soviet strategic defenses and devised the means to defeat
  them....
     ASMS, along with several newer Pentagon programs aimed
  specifically at countering potential Soviet space-based laser
  systems, will have a significant impact on the strategic
  balance in the event that the United States proceeds with
  Reagan's plan to "counter the awesome Soviet missile threat
  with measures that are defensive."...
  The Air Force, which directs the ASMS program, does not like
  to crow about the program's technological successes,
  preferring that the Soviets, and perhaps the general public,
  be kept in the dark about what is obviously one of its most
  sensitive scientific endeavors....
     The active decoy is a product of substantial wizardry in
  microelectronics and computing, engineered by MIT's Lincoln
  Laboratories and by the General Electric Company....

   In 1968, Dr. Thornton Page, a prominent astrophysicist,
reviewed my original c+v analysis paper titled INCONSISTENCIES IN
RADAR DISTANCES TO VENUS.  At that time, Page was Director of the
Van Vleck Observatory, Chairman of the Astronomy Department of
Wesleyan University, Associate Director of the Smithsonian
Astrophysical Observatory, Vice President for Astronomy of the
American Association for the Advancement of Science, and an
Associate Scientist with NASA.  He chopped the paper down to at
least half its original size, making many significant changes. 
Page also helped me to present arguments with regard to the work
to many prominent scientists he introduced me to at the Fourth
Texas Symposium on Relativistic Astrophysics that was held in
Dallas Texas in 1968.  He concentrated mainly on radio
astronomers and had advised me not to answer questions in the
conclusive sense but always in the possible sense.  A fair number
of the scientist asked for preprints of the paper. 
   On the fourth day of the Symposium, Dr. Irwin I. Shapiro
presented a talk titled OBSERVATIONAL TESTS OF RELATIVITY. 
Shapiro was the principal investigator for the above mentioned
Massachusetts Institute of Technology Lincoln Laboratory's
analysis of the interplanetary radar data that came from radar
stations scattered throughout the world, and his research was
funded by the Air Force.  In the talk, Shapiro presented the
illusion that the radar data was consistent with Einstein's
general relativity theory.  The talk was essentially the same as
the paper titled "Radar Observations of the Planets" which he had
published in the prestigious journal Scientific American.[59]  In
my debate with Shapiro, in the comment session that followed his
talk, he admitted that all his calculations were based on a
constant speed of light c (the wave in ether model), and he had
not tested c+v (the particle model).  He did this, in spite of
the fact, that the major problem in modern physics, is the wave-
particle paradox.  That is, in some experiments light seems to
behave like a wave, and in other experiments it seems to behave
as a particle.  He admitted the fact that the published radar
analysis showed very large impossible variations in the
calculated value of the astronomical unit (the mean distance
between the earth and the sun), that were far larger than their
maximum estimate of all possible errors.  The graphed calculated
values of the astronomical unit contained a daily component that
was proportional to the relative velocity due to the Earth's
rotation, a 30-day component, related to the Earth-Moon rotation,
and a component related to the relative solar orbital velocities
of the Earth and Venus.[60]  The variations in the calculated
value of the astronomical unit are what one would expect to find
if the speed of light was c+v, and the calculations were based on
c. The astronomical unit is the basic unit of measurement used by
astronomers for the solar system.  The telescopic methods used to
determine its value, had an uncertainty of as much as 170,000
miles (273,589 kilometers), due to the fact that until the
interplanetary radar observations became technologically
possible, the only way to measure distances was by the indirect
method of analysis of the angular positions of bodies in the
solar system.[61]  The radar observations were estimated to be
capable of measuring the distance to Venus with an accuracy of
within 1.5 kilometers, the only important variable being the
relative velocity of light in space.  The Earth's rotation could
cause a maximum difference in calculated distance between the two
theories of 260 kilometers when two radar stations, one on either
side of the Earth, observe Venus at the same time when the planet
is at its closest point to the Earth.  This difference would
increase as the distance between the Earth and Venus increased. 
An analysis of the data based on the incorrect theory would show
the center of Venus to be at different distances from the center
of the Earth at the same time.  The analysis of the data
published by Shapiro's research group also presents evidence
against the c theory from observations made at the same time from
different points on the Earth.  The Lincoln Laboratory made a
complete c analysis of all the radar data up to 1966.  The
Einstein general relativity time delay goodness-of-fit for the US
Massachusetts radar station was 1.57, the value for the Puerto
Rico station was .97, the value for the USSR Crimean station was
7.10.  The article[62] states:

  Although not apparent from inspection of Fig. 4, the
  residuals of the U.S.S.R. time-delay are systematically
  negative relative to the Arecibo and Lincoln Laboratory
  residuals during the time period (June 1964) when all three
  groups were observing Venus.  This incompatibility cannot be
  removed by assuming simply that different units of time were
  used by the different observatories.

In his chapter of the book[63] "Radar Astronomy", Shapiro states:

  If the theory is wrong, the values of the parameters will be
  selected from the data in a manner that tends to cover up the
  inadequacies of the theory (for example, if least-mean-square
  fitting is employed).

I told Shapiro that my analysis of the published 1961 Venus radar
data[18] showed a much better fit to the Newtonian particle c+v
model for light than for the Einstein wave c model.  I stated
that my analysis would have been far more impressive if I had
more than the sparse set of data that was published.  Shapiro
made no effort to challenge any of my arguments, and promised to
send me any data I would require to make a more in depth analysis
of the relative velocity of light in space.  Thornton Page was
furious over the corrosive nature of my arguments and the tone of
voice that I had used, and let me know about it in no uncertain
terms!  From that point on, Page has not given me any further
assistance in my efforts to bring scientific objectivity and
integrity to the question of the relative velocity of light in
space.  The loss of Page's support has proven to be a devastating
blow to this cause.  For example, Walter Sullivan, the science
editor of The New York Times, was at the Symposium and had shown
an interest in publishing an article on my results.  In a short
letter sent 13 March 1969, he thanked me for sending him copies
of my exchanges with Shapiro.  He stated he was far from being
qualified to assess the merit of my case and would have to depend
on old friends who areДДincluding Thornton Page.  Needless to
say, Sullivan never wrote the article.  To show the impact that
this article could have had, I would like to quote from Michael
Riordan's recent book[64 p.180] "The Hunting of the Quark":

     One might question all this concern over a mere newspaper
  article, but The New York Times, as the nation's foremost
  daily, informs scientists in other fieldsДДand especially
  Washington policymakersДДabout new discoveries.  In a science
  so dependent upon government money for its continued
  progress, Sullivan's front-page article was a valuable trump
  card in the annual budget scramble.

With regard to the correspondence with Shapiro mentioned by
Sullivan, my first letter of 26 December 1968 states:

     Enclosed you will find a copy of my paper "Inconsistencies
  In Radar Distances To Venus" that I promised to send you. 
  Dr. Heinrich K. Eichhorn checked the calculations and Dr.
  Thornton L. Page suggested how to write it and reviewed and
  edited it.  I have sent copies to most of the research
  centers and observatories in the U.S. as well as a few other
  countries.  Enclosed you will also find a small sample of the
  answers I have received.

In Shapiro's answer of 13 January 1969, he thanked me for sending
him a preprint of my paper, and said he found himself in
agreement with the comments of Prof. Dingle.  The Prof. Dingle
Shapiro spoke of, was the Herbert Dingle I had mentioned earlier,
who had published the article in Nature concerning the
inconsistent logic in Einstein's Special Relativity theory.[47] 
With regard to the problem of Dingle's understanding the
interplanetary radar paper, Dingle wrote in his letter of 16
August 1968 that he agreed that Dr. Page (whom he knew) has
condensed the account too muchДДat any rate for the understanding
of those who are not primarily dynamical astronomers but are
concerned with that subject in relation to their own interests.
In Shapiro's letter of 17 January, he states that the radar data
are not consistent with the "ballistic theory" of light, but are
consistent with general relativity (cf. their article on the
verification of the second-order Doppler shift in Phys. Rev.
Letters circa. October 1966).

An interesting side note is the fact that Dr. Svetlana A.
Tolchelnikova-Murri, a professional Russian astronomer and
mathematician working at the Pulkovo Observatory, has published a
paper titled The Doppler Observations of Venus Contradict the STR
in the US journal GALILEAN ELECTRODYNAMICS.[151]  Dr.
Tolchelnikova delivered a Russian version of that paper at a 1991
Conference that I talk of in the next chapter.  In my answer to
Shapiro of 23 January, I wrote:

     With reference to your letter of January 17, I read the
  article you referred me to.  You should know by now you can't
  bluff me.  The article does not support your argument and you
  know it.
     You admitted at the symposium in front of 500 scientists
  that all your calculations were based on c.  How can you
  state that the radar data is not consistent with the
  "ballistic theory"?  Prove it, and then publish it. 
  Considering the capabilities of the Lab. and the importance
  of the question, this is the most responsible thing you can
  do.
     You state the radar data is consistent with general
  relativity, yet when the observing time is varied you get
  variations that are far larger then the maximum possible and
  the variations are proportional to the change in the
  observing time.  The variations disappear when the observing
  time is held constant but variations between radar stations
  that are proportional to the distance exist.  These facts are
  documented by articles published by your group in "The
  Astronomical Journal."
     You lost the fight when you did not challenge me at the
  symposium.  This fact has made a impression on a large number
  of scientists.  Your only hope is to finish a half-finished
  job, and make a complete and fair analysis of the radar data
  based on the ballistic model before someone else does.
     I brought the matter out in the open, now you must decide
  to sink or swim.  Good luck!

In my 13 February letter to Shapiro, I wrote:

    Dr. Wilbur Block is a radio astronomer who is doing
  research on radio radiations from Jupiter.  He has
  collaborated with others in publishing a number of papers on
  this subject.  He was the one who invited me to give a
  lecture at his college on radar testing of Special
  Relativity.
     I told Block that you had promised to send me all the data
  I needed.  He wants to do research on this himself.  If he
  limits his analysis to a test of relativity and does not get
  involved in a deep analysis of Venus' orbit, he will probably
  be the first one to publish verification of my work.
     He would like the data from about five consecutive days
  during inferior conjunction.  He needs transit time and
  Doppler shift from three observations each day, one at the
  earliest time, one at 12:00 UT and one at the latest time,
  all from your station.  The larger the difference between
  observing times, the more dramatic will be the results.  He
  would also like the geographic location and data for 12:00 UT
  for the same five days from the U.S.S.R. station.
     Please send it as soon as possible.  From the way the
  other radio men were talking at the symposium he may not have
  much time.
     Here is his address:...

In Shapiro's letter of 27 March, he wrote that unfortunately the
data did not exist in the form in which I wanted them and, hence,
he could not honor my request.  In my reply of 3 April, I wrote:

     You promised to send me all the data I would need, yet
  when I requested a limited amount, you ignored the request in
  two letters and offer an excuse for not doing so when I make
  an issue of it.
     I have quoted your remarks as I remembered them.  The main
  reason that your newer results appear to look better, is that
  your group found it could eliminate the large daily
  variations by changing to a constant observing time (12:00
  UT), even when the planet was not observed or in some cases
  was not even visible.(J. V. Evans, etal., Astron. J. 70, 486
  - 1965)  Of course there is a second-order difference in the
  Doppler formulas between c and c+v, but it is obviously
  irresponsible to state that a solution based on c that is
  valid only for a constant observing time and a single radar
  station, proves that the velocity is c.
     I will tell you what more one could ask.  One could ask
  for a complete and honest evaluation of the data based on c
  and c+v.  Then one would have sufficient information to make
  a valid and intelligent comparison of c and c+v.

Since the Department of Defense had funded the research, I wrote
a letter to Dr. John Foster, Jr. the Director of Defense Research
and Engineering, requesting the data.  In reply to the request, I
received a letter dated 29 September from Dr. Lowell M.
Hollingsworth, Technical Advisor for Electronics, Department of
the Air Force, Headquarters Air Force Cambridge Research
Laboratories.  Hollingsworth wrote that he spoke with Dr. Shapiro
regarding the data requested by me on radar observations of
Venus.  The data in the form I requested did not exist.  However,
if the data in the form in which it did exist would be of value
to me a deck of IBM cards could be prepared from which I could by
analysis obtain the data I desired.  This deck would be a stack
of IBM cards totalling an inch or so in thickness.  For machine
computation the data resides in the holes punched in the cards
but pertinent data would appear typed on the cards.  Thus I would
be able to read the cards visually for the purpose of my
analysis.  I wrote Hollingsworth 1 October, stating:

     With reference to your letter of September 29, please send
  the IBM cards containing the radar data.  They will make
  possible a far more conclusive test of the relative velocity
  of light in space.  I have read Fox's 1965 article and have a
  correspondence with him.  He is enthused about the results
  from my radar analysis.

And I closed my letter with the sentence:

  I plan to attend the AAAS meeting in Boston in December.  I
  would be interested in talking to you on this subject.

I wrote Shapiro 4 October stating:

     Wilbur Block has suggested to me that I offer to
  collaborate with you and the Lincoln Lab., in a full
  investigation of the relative velocity of light in space and
  celestial mechanics.  I am willing, if you are.  It is
  obvious that continued opposition will be mutually
  destructive to both of us.  On the other hand, collaboration
  is bound to be mutually beneficial.

Shapiro's reply of 13 October asked if I would be more explicit
as to exactly what form I would wish the collaboration to take? 
In my letter to Shapiro of 18 October, I start out with:

     Your letter of October 13 has caused me to make a fast
  rewrite of the lecture I am going to give October 30, at
  Florida Presbyterian College.  I had planned to be rather
  hard on both you and the Lincoln Lab, but it would not be
  wise to try and hurt the credibility of a potential ally. 
  The lecture will be publicized and open to the public.  I am
  hoping for enough publicity to bring this thing out into the
  open.

further into the letter, I wrote:

     L. M. Hollingsworth sent the radar data I wanted and he
  asked me to call him when I get to Boston in December so that
  we can get together.  I think there is a good possibility
  that the data will make a more impressive test of c.  I will
  send you the results of the analysis.  Perhaps you would like
  a joint paper on this?  Both our names on the same paper
  would be mutually beneficial; it would tend to repair any
  damage I may have done to your reputation and help me by
  making it easier to overcome the remaining psychological
  barrier that exists on this question.

Shapiro's answering letter of 6 November stated that he was
pleased to hear that I had received the radar data that they had
sent me, and he hoped that I would find them useful.  In my reply
of 12 November, I stated:

     I am sorry to say that the data you sent me can't be used
  for a test of the relative velocity of light in space.  There
  was no significant difference in the location of the stations
  or the observing time, so there would have been no
  significant difference between a c and c+v analysis.
     How about us having a private get together when I am in
  Boston this December?

Shapiro's answer of 28 November states that he could not
understand why I concluded that the Venus data sent to me was
inappropriate for my purpose.  In my letter to Hollingsworth of
25 October, I wrote:

     I am afraid that Shapiro has pulled a fast one on us, the
  data you sent me can't be used for a test of the relative
  velocity of light in space.  There is very little difference
  in the distance between the radar stations so I can't show
  that the false theory shows the planet Venus in different
  places at the same time while the true theory shows it in the
  same place.  There is almost no difference in the observing
  time so I can't show that the false theory shows Venus doing
  a jig while the true theory shows it moving in a rational
  manner.
     Analysis of Shapiro's article in The Astronomical Journal
  (72, 338 - 1967) shows that the Lincoln Lab has the data that
  I would need.  Page 343 shows that they had data from both
  their station and the U.S.S.R. station for June 1964 and
  Figure 4 on this page shows considerable daily variations for
  1964 indicating data at different observing times.  The only
  possible way they could have eliminated the synodic variation
  from the General Relativity Fit part of Figure 4 was by using
  empirical corrections similar to Duncombe's corrections. 
  They eliminated the daily variations for later years by
  observing for only a short time at the same time each day. 
  The early articles published by the Lincoln Lab group are
  open and above board, but the later articles are little more
  than misleading fabrications and I am sure that Shapiro knows
  this.  They started out by believing that c was a proven fact
  so they made no attempt to treat the velocity of light as a
  variable.  After several years of not being able to make
  sense out of the data, they were probably under considerable
  pressure.  So they used empirical methods to overcome the
  inconsistencies they did not understand.  I do not think that
  one should blame them.  For all practical purposes Einstein's
  Theory is based on empirical ad hoc equations that were
  designed to save the ether theory from the Michelson-Morley
  experiment.  The ballistic theory explains the results of
  that experiment in a simple manner without any ad hoc
  assumptions.  They had a precedent in the fact that the
  Duncombe empirical corrections were already used to correct
  similar variations in the optical data when all the
  calculations were based on c.  The only real difference is
  the higher accuracy of the radar measurements made the
  inconsistencies more obvious.
     Shapiro has already shown an interest in collaborating in
  a full analysis of the relative velocity of light in space. 
  Considering the resources and capability of the MIT Lincoln
  Lab group, they would be the ideal ones to conduct this
  investigation.  It would be great if it were possible for you
  to persuade them to do this.

In Hollingsworth's reply of 7 November, he wrote that there were
a number of reasons why it is impossible for him to persuade Dr.
Shapiro or other Lincoln Laboratory people to prove that the
velocity of light in space can be measured as anything else than
a constant value c, and that he looked forward to talking with me
when I would be in Boston that December.  In my letter to Shapiro
of 5 December, I wrote:

     I received another letter from Hollingsworth.  He is
  looking forward to talking to me on this during the week I
  will be in Boston.  I am going to try and get him to
  recommend to the Air Force that they finance a full c+v
  investigation.  Would you be interested in heading this
  investigation?  This sort of thing is just not my cup of tea. 
  Of course, I would be available to help in case there were
  any difficulties.

Shapiro's reply of 9 December 1969 states that he was at present
too much occupied with university matters to direct any large-
scale investigation.  When I attended the AAAS meeting in Boston
that December, Hollingsworth drove through a snow storm to meet
with me in my hotel room.  It was a long and interesting meeting
that lasted for about four hours.  I found him to be far more
reasonable in person than he had been in his correspondence.  I
had brought with me copies of all the referenced articles, as
well as a copies of correspondence with scientists on this matter
from around the world.  Hollingsworth admitted that while the
Lab's published center value for the astronomical unit had stayed
virtually unchanged, the graphed individual values ranged over
thousands of kilometers, and that the variations were related to
the relative velocities.  He also admitted that the data I wanted
existed, but he refused to release it without Shapiro's
permission.  I now suspect that he was just giving me the run
around and the real reason he would not release the data was
military secrecy.
   I now think that it is most probable that the Soviet military
is not involved in the speed of light coverup, and that the main
force behind the coverup is the US military "Star Wars"
adventure.  The many conversations and the evidence of text books
that were little more than translations of US text books that I
saw during my visit to the USSR in 1989, seemed to show that the
dominant trends of Soviet physics and astronomy, are little more
than copies of their US counterparts.  Then there was my
conversation with the young man with the long nose and fancy
suit, that came to sit beside me during the Pulkovo Observatory
conference.  He asked for information with regard to the articles
I had published in regard to this matter.  When I told him I
would be glad to send him reprints, he stated that his
institution had a very extensive library that contained all the
western journals, and he only needed the journal names, dates,
etc.  He seemed genuinely concerned about the fact that he had
not heard these arguments before.  Svetlana told me that he
worked at a small elite institution in Moscow, and that the
people working there were highly paid, and she did not know what
work was done at the institution.  I suspect that the work
involves the Soviet military, and they are about to find that
they had been duped with regard to this matter.
   Actually it is easy to see how this was done, the (2) equation
of my 1969 paper shows the radar evaluated c+v Newtonian distance
to the planet to be D = t(c+v)/2 - tv/2 = tc/2 for the time the
beam returns to the transmitter.  The fact that the +v in the
first term which is related to the motion of the photon relative
to the transmitter, can be canceled by the -v of the second term
which is related to the motion of the target relative to the
transmitter, presents the illusion that the combined term of tc/2
is relativistic in the Einstein relativity c sense.  But the true
Einstein c equation for the distance to the target at the time
the beam returns to the transmitter is D = tc/2 - tv/2, and the
two equations differ in magnitude by the second term of tv/2. 
Dr. T. D. Moyer of the JPL, in his 1981 Celestial Mechanics
paper[36] evaluates the distance at the time the signal returns
to the transmitter, does not include the -tv/2 term that would
make the evaluation relativistic in the Einstein c sense, renames
the terms and rearranges the equations, adds the smaller
corrections due to time dilation, gravity, and the troposphere
and charged particles in the beam path, and correctly identifies
his major term as the Newtonian light time.  What Moyer does not
do is clearly explain the enormous implications of his
mathematics, or explain how the transit time of light signals in
the solar system is the ultimate test of the Einstein wave in
ether c model and the Newtonian particle c+v model of light.  The
fact that he does not present an analysis that compares the
results of the c and c+v models tends to maintain the illusion
that there is nothing wrong with the Einstein general relativity
model!  I have sent Moyer reprints of the articles I've published
that present the argument that his mathematics is relativistic in
the c+v sense, and he has not chosen to rebut this argument
either by correspondence or publication.  Moyer's sin is the sin
of omission, he has not lied, but has simply refused to present
the full truth.  Of course, a half truth that presents the
illusion of a lie, is for all intents and purposes, a lie.
   In my 1969 paper[18] I quote Shapiro as stating "If the theory
is wrong, the values of the parameters will usually be selected
from the data in a manner that tends to cover up the inadequacies
of the theory", so you see, even Shapiro does not state outright
lies, if you carefully read everything he has published on this
matter, he only presents the illusion of a lie.  But the funding
for all this research comes from the US Department of Defense,
and they have strict control over all information that results
from research that they fund.  So one of the questions one could
ask, is it wrong for a scientist to publish the illusion of a lie
to preserve a military secret?  Years ago I worked on top secret
defense work, and this sounds like a classic case of how the
system works.  All top secret information is handled on a need to
know basis: it does not matter how high a position you hold, if
you do not have a need to know the information in order to help
you in your work, you cannot obtain access to that information. 
This would also tend to explain Shapiro's refusal to challenge my
arguments published in journals or presented at meetings, it is a
federal crime to confirm or deny top secret information, even if
it is published in journals or newspapers.  In an expansion of
the military secret argument, a recent article[75] titled THE
BIRTH OF THE LASER states on page 27:

    In July 1958 Townes applied to the Air Force Office of
  Scientific Research for funds to initiate work on a potassium
  laser at the Columbia Radiation Laboratory. 

and on page 28:

    One agency TRG approached was the Advanced Projects
  Research Agency, which had been set up after Sputnik in the
  secretariat of the Department of Defense and oriented in 1959
  toward exploration of innovative weapons technologies.  ARPA,
  which had more money than it could easily spend, proved a
  good choice:  TRG made a request for $300 000 but ARPA, which
  was interested, inter alia, in the possibility of beam
  weapons, awarded it a $999 000 contract for a secret program
  leading to operating lasers.

and on page 32 we find:

  The high energy density in a laser beam interested ARPA,
  which was then investigating every plausible scheme for anti-
  missile defense.

In a current article[76] titled HOW THE MILITARY RESPONDED TO THE
LASER, on page 36 we find:

  "I feel as do others here that the LASER may be the biggest
  breakthrough in the weapons area since the atomic bomb." 
  This statement, made in 1962 in a letter by Major General
  August Schomburg, head of the Army Ordnance Missile Command,
  reflected an attitude that was pervasive in the military in
  the first years after the birth of the laser.

and further on page 36 we find:

  By forcing a change from small to big science, from academic
  to in-house and contract laboratories and from open research
  to classified development, military interest in the laser
  transformed the nature of laser research and development.

on page 37 we find the paragraph:

     The laser offered a coherent, directed, concentrated beam
  of light that promised to realize an ancient dream,
  epitomized in Archimedes's idea to attack the Roman fleet at
  Syracuse by using mirrors and lenses to focus burning solar
  rays on ships at sea.  Science fiction's preoccupation with
  burning "death rays" added modern sanction to the ancient
  dream.  The Soviet Union's large boosters, which lofted
  Sputnik and the first cosmonauts into space and might equally
  well launch warheads, provided suitable targets for the rays. 
  The promise of beam weapons enhanced the services' interest
  in lasers and launched a number of industry and service
  research programs that transcended the interest in laser
  ranging, communication and detection.

on page 38 we find the statement:

  "Defense at the speed of light!" became a rallying cry for
  the military-industrial complex.

As an example of military secrecy with regard to lasers, or
anything connected to them such as the relative velocity of light
in space, I present the following taken from the front of an
article[135] titled "Incident over SPIE papers muddies scientific
secrecy issue":

  Just when it seemed the furor over Defense Department
  restrictions on certain scientific papers had been quelled, the
  situation flared up again.  The fracas this time involved an
  international symposium of the Society of Photo-Optical
  Instrumentation Engineering (SPIE) meeting in Arlington,
  Virginia, on 8-12 April.  Two weeks before the meeting, DOD
  informed SPIE officials that 20% of the 219 scheduled papers
  could not be presented, even in a "controlled" session.  Until
  then, SPIE organizers were so confident the reports of work
  done under military contracts had been cleared by the DOD that
  titles, and in some cases abstracts, were printed in the
  program.  But it turned out that some authors had failed to
  follow all the Pentagon procedures for clearing their papers
  and others were unaware of the new authority that Congress had
  provided in the 1984 Defense Authorization Act to deny public
  access to technical data under DOD control that are judged to
  possess military or space applications of use to the Soviet
  Union and its Warsaw Pact neighbors.
     About 100 papers were submitted to DOD for clearance.  Of
  these, 45 raised security problems.  On closer reading, DOD
  reviewers decided that 16 papers, most by defense scientists,
  contained classified information and another 6, by scientists
  at the Air Force Weapons Laboratory, required special releases
  for foreign disclosure.  What's more, presentation of the other
  papers at an open session, DOD officials argued, would violate
  US export controls.
     `Star Wars' connection.  Most of the papers had originally
  been scheduled for a classified session on synthetic aperture
  optical systems and laser beams to be held at the Naval
  Research Laboratory, across the Potomac River from the main
  SPIE meeting.  Another SPIE session on adaptive optics was set
  for the Corps of Engineers offices in nearby Alexandria,
  Virginia.  It came off without a hitch.  Although these fields
  are important to astronomy, most applications are military,
  dealing with high-energy laser optics and space surveillance
  that could benefit the Strategic Defense Initiative, more
  commonly known as the "Star Wars" program.

   Current documentation of the nature of this coverup was
published in a news article[77] titled Reactors in Space Threaten
High-Energy Astronomy.  In 1976 satellites started to record
very-high energy radiation.  Then in 1979 a NASA scientist
received a call from the military saying the information was
classified and not to be published.  Amid growing discontent at
NASA, the classification was lifted last August.  It turns out
that the radiation that had hampered US high-energy astronomy
programs and even damaged some detectors was from the nuclear
reactors powering Soviet spy satellites, and the Soviets
obviously know of the problem because their current detectors
will orbit far above the interference.
   With regard to USSR military laser research, there is an
interesting paragraph in a recent article[78] titled US
PHYSICISTS PAY FIRST VISIT TO CHERNOGILOVKA SOLID STATE INSTITUTE
on page 74 as follows:

  The invitation to visit the Institute for Solid State Physics
  came after the conference had begun in Moscow, and on 2 June
  the ten US participants piled into a bus and were driven by a
  somewhat circuitous route to a spot about 50 km east-
  northeast of Moscow.  The standard explanation for why no
  previous visit by Westerners had been allowed was that
  Chernogolovka is situated in the first ring of ballistic-
  missile defenses that surround Moscow.  Another explanation
  was that an institute doing work on high-power chemical
  lasers may be situated at Chernogolovka.

on page 76 is the paragraph:

     The group also was impressed, more generally, by the
  freedom with which their Soviet counterparts talked about
  politics and expressed critical opinions in public.  "Most
  striking...is the new freedom of people to know and speak the
  truth.  For us, this removes several layers of barriers in
  our relationship with Soviet scientists," Worlock observed.

There is a possibility that the Soviet military is aware of the
exact nature of the relative velocity of light in space.  The
American Institute of Physics publishes translation journals of
the major Soviet journals, and some of these journals are carried
by the University of South Florida Library in nearby Tampa.  One
finds many hints to the fact that Einstein's general relativity
does not give a proper explanation to the transit of light
signals in the solar system.  For example, in the abstract of an
article[79] titled "Measurements of delay time and Doppler
correction in radar observations of Venus in 1975", we find:


  It is shown that the discrepancies between the actual
  position of Venus and the position calculated on the basis of
  the existing theory of motion of the planets at different
  inferior conjunctions have different characters.

The concluding sentences of the article state:

  An analysis of the data presented shows that the differences
  between the measured and calculated delay times have
  different dependence on the time in the different
  conjunctions and reach 3500 microseconds, which when
  converted to the distance from the earth to Venus comprises
  500 km.  The presence of such errors in the prediction of the
  position of Venus relative to the earth on the basis of the
  existing theory of motion of the planets in the absence of
  radar measurements could hinder considerably the successful
  performance of the terminal stages of flights of automatic
  interplanetary stations to Venus, landing on its surface, and
  the insertion of artificial satellites of Venus.

Along with my campaign to discredit QCD that I mentioned in
Chapter 2, I've also been involved in a campaign to discredit
"Star Wars."  As part of this effort I published the following
letter[31] titled "Directed-energy weapons":

  At the 1981 APS Spring Meeting, we had a Symposium of the Forum
  on Physics and Society on directed-energy weapons that was
  filmed by the BBC for a documentary on the arms race.  The
  first speaker, Douglas T. Tanimoto of the Defense Advanced
  Research Projects Agency, showed a film of a propeller-driven
  dark red drone plane that was destroyed by an infrared laser
  that focused on it for a period of several seconds as it slowly
  circled at a relatively close distance.  I asked Tanimoto if it
  was not cheating to use a close, slow-moving, dark red drone to
  simulate a large number of fast-moving, distant, polished metal
  targets, and he admitted that it was cheating "a little."  The
  last speaker, Kosta Tsipis of MIT, presented conclusive
  evidence that the technology needed to develop effective ABM
  Directed Energy Weapons did not now, and probably never would
  exist!
     At the 1982 Spring meeting, I attended the APS Council
  Meeting and learned that they intended to hold off on taking a
  stand on the nuclear freeze issue until after hearing the
  results from the Forum Symposiums on this question.  One of the
  Forum speakers, Hans Bethe, gave a talk that showed beyond a
  reasonable doubt that the US was the aggressor in the nuclear
  arms race and that the Russians have been desperately trying to
  catch up!  At the final Forum meeting I called for a vote on
  the question of a nuclear freeze, and there was almost a 100%
  show of hands!
     At the 1983 Spring meeting, George A. Keyworth II, President
  Reagan's science adviser and the director of the Office of
  Science and Technology Policy, gave a talk in which he asked
  for help from the physics community to develop the technology
  for future antiballistic missile systems.  I was the first to
  comment on his talk, and I argued that development of these
  types of weapons would expand the arms race and bankrupt the
  economy!  The loud applause in support of my argument left
  little question that a large majority of the physicists have
  had enough of the arms race and would not support the
  development of Reagan's "Star Wars" weapons.

   In my local newspaper there was also a 2/3/91 article titled
NASA scientist to speak at SPJC, and the content of the article
was as follows:

     The man who headed NASA's planetary astronomy program for
  almost 20 years will speak on future Venus and Mars missions
  Wednesday at the St. Petersburg Junior College's St. Petersburg
  campus.
     Dr. William E. Brunk directed the programs from 1964 through
  1982.  He was also program scientist for the Voyager mission to
  the outer planets.  He retired from NASA in 1985.
     Brunk will appear as a Harlow Shapely Lecturer of the
  American Astronomical Society.  The speech, open to the public,
  begins at 7:30 p.m. in the Lynch Auditorium, 6605 Fifth Ave. N.

I went to Brunk's speech, and during the questions and answer
period, asked Brunk the following question:


  Considering the importance of the wave-particle paradox of
  light in modern physics, I am surprised by the lack of
  scientific objectivity and integrity of the concerned NASA
  scientists on the question of the relative velocity of light in
  the solar system.  My 1969 published analysis of the first
  published Venus radar contact data showed that the best fit to
  the data was for the Newtonian c+v particle model, and not the
  Einstein general relativity c wave model.  The equations in T.
  D. Moyer's JPL NASA 1981 Celestial Mechanics journal article
  were based on the c+v particle model, and Moyer called the main
  term the Newtonian light time, yet the lack of emphasis of the
  importance of this fact, means that the average person does not
  know of the overwhelming evidence against the Einstein special
  and general relativity theories. What is your comment on this
  matter?

Brunk's answer was that the analysis of the data and publication
of the results, was the responsibility of the individual involved
scientists, and that NASA was only the bus driver.  I suspect
that when the final history of science in the 20th century will
be written, NASA's greatest blunder will be considered to be the
lack of objectivity and integrity on the question of the relative
velocity of light in space, and not the 1986 Challenger space
shuttle explosion, or the flawed mirror on the $1.5-billion
Hubble Space Telescope!

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Знаете ли Вы, почему "черные дыры" - фикция?
Согласно релятивистской мифологии, "чёрная дыра - это область в пространстве-времени, гравитационное притяжение которой настолько велико, что покинуть её не могут даже объекты, движущиеся со скоростью света (в том числе и кванты самого света). Граница этой области называется горизонтом событий, а её характерный размер - гравитационным радиусом. В простейшем случае сферически симметричной чёрной дыры он равен радиусу Шварцшильда".
На самом деле миф о черных дырах есть порождение мифа о фотоне - пушечном ядре. Этот миф родился еще в античные времена. Математическое развитие он получил в трудах Исаака Ньютона в виде корпускулярной теории света. Корпускуле света приписывалась масса. Из этого следовало, что при высоких ускорениях свободного падения возможен поворот траектории луча света вспять, по параболе, как это происходит с пушечным ядром в гравитационном поле Земли.
Отсюда родились сказки о "радиусе Шварцшильда", "черных дырах Хокинга" и прочих безудержных фантазиях пропагандистов релятивизма.
Впрочем, эти сказки несколько древнее. В 1795 году математик Пьер Симон Лаплас писал:
"Если бы диаметр светящейся звезды с той же плотностью, что и Земля, в 250 раз превосходил бы диаметр Солнца, то вследствие притяжения звезды ни один из испущенных ею лучей не смог бы дойти до нас; следовательно, не исключено, что самые большие из светящихся тел по этой причине являются невидимыми." [цитата по Брагинский В.Б., Полнарёв А. Г. Удивительная гравитация. - М., Наука, 1985]
Однако, как выяснилось в 20-м веке, фотон не обладает массой и не может взаимодействовать с гравитационным полем как весомое вещество. Фотон - это квантованная электромагнитная волна, то есть даже не объект, а процесс. А процессы не могут иметь веса, так как они не являются вещественными объектами. Это всего-лишь движение некоторой среды. (сравните с аналогами: движение воды, движение воздуха, колебания почвы). Подробнее читайте в FAQ по эфирной физике.

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