. , , , .

, Φ . , , ΔS. ΔS α ΔS (. 1.3.1):

ΔΦ = E ΔS cos α = En ΔS,
En

1.3.1.
ΔΦ

S. ΔSi, ΔΦi , , Φ S (. 1.3.2):

.

1.3.2.
S

:

, , ε0.

S, q.

R . Φ ER2. ,

S R0 (. 1.3.3).

1.3.3.
S,

ΔΩ . ΔS0, S ΔS. ΔΦ0 ΔΦ . ,

ΔΦ0 = E0ΔS0,   ΔΦ = EΔS cos α = EΔS '.

ΔS' = ΔS cos α , ΔΩ n.

, , , Φ0 :

, , S q, Φ = 0. . 1.3.2. S . S , .

. . Φ S Φi . qi S, , , .

, .

. , , , . .

, , - .

R. . . S r l, (. 1.3.4).

1.3.4.
. OO'

r ≥ R , rl, . :

τ .

R , .

r < R. Φ = E 2πrl. , , . . , .

, - , , , . . , . , ( ). - , .

(. 1.3.5).

1.3.5.
. σ . S

S , . , . . :

σ , . . , .

. , , .



, , , . . :
1. ( - "") 300 ./, . - (, ~200 / ~3 . / , (. " "), (. " -")
2. "" , , . "" - . - .
3. (), . ( ). , , , , .
4. () - . , , " ", . 1919 , . FAQ .




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