- () . , (. 13,), .
) )
. 13. () ()
(4) (5)
U R :
D w * = R*, (16)
D w * = 1 - w *,
.
(16) - ,
R, - R R . , . 13, 
, 
, 
,
.
U=U (. 14,)
w :
(17)
) )
. 14. () ()
(I). . 14,.
(
I=const) R - . 15,; , , .
) )
. 15. () ()
. 15, (1) (2)
* = I**
* = *w *,
:
I*= I*
+ I*RE* = IR* R
* - I* R*., , ,
U, I, , w .:
. (18)
- , , , , . , ,
R*,
R*,
R*., - = const
R = var , - R = var - . R ( = ) . 15,. = const : 
.
. 15, , - - , - - .
, , .2, .
1. - ,
R,
, 1 .
2. (2-2,5):1, 40-50%.
- , R. (2.5) :
,
= k ( , ,
). 
. : 
3. - , . , ().
4. ( ) , = , .
5. . : - , . () . (3)
I,UI = EI+I2 R,
UI = P1 - , ;
EI = P
- , ;I2R = D P
- .U E (2.1) (2.2), :
(19)
- - , , , .
6. : .
, , . , (- , ..) , . (
U = U = const).U = U , .
, . = 0 R R.
U = U = , , , I = (2,5 - 3)I, I. = (20 - 50)I.
. 16,, 
- . 16,.
)
)
. 16. () ()
1 , ,
2 > ; (R1 R1 + R2) (R1 + R2 + R) . , 1, 2 , , . . R1, R2 R ..
. 17. , -
U = U, - (. 17) . , . . 18. I , .
|
. 17. |
. 18. |
. 19 ( ). 
. , 
( , ). 
(. 19,).
) )
. 19.
, (7), -
+ ..
1.
U = const - . , . , . - ( , I. = (20-50)I). I = const - - +.2. - (3-4):1.
3. , , .
4. ,
U = const , M = kI < ( . 19,. (4), I = I = I, : 
= w = UI - I2R = const,
, .
5. , , : .
6. , , 1,5-2 , .
, , . 20,. , . (4) (5) ,
U ( )
, 
U, .. k = k = - , R = R + R - . 20,; , .
) )
. 20. () ()
:
, (20)
- .
. , (
I>0) I IV ..
1. , .
2. (8-10):1, .
3. .
4.
= , k = k =5. , , . , , .
6. . , . .
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