MAGNETISM AS A DISTORTION OF A PRE-EXISTENT PRIMORDIAL ENERGY FIELD
AND THE POSSIBILITY OF EXTRACTION OF ELECTRICAL ENERGY DIRECTLY FROM SPACE
Bruce DePalma
ABSTRACT
The key to understanding and explaining the baffling
situation of anomalous excess electrical energy generation in free energy
machines, lies in a re-interpretation of magnetism as not being a property
of the magnet, but of space itself. The spatial distortion induced into
the homogeneous Primordial Energy Field by the anisotropy of the magnet is
what we call magnetism. It is the thesis of this paper that the distortion
of the PEF occasioned by the magnet is the operative principle in the
class of machinery known as induction machines. The PEF is also distorted
as a consequence of the spatial reaction to the centripetal force field
existing within the rotating magnetized conductor.
Based upon an effect first
discovered by Michael Faraday in 1831, the N machine/Space Power Generator
(figure 1) is an electrical machine which has the possibility of producing
electrical energy with significantly less mechanical power input than the
presently employed induction machines.
In the autumn of 1831 when Michael Faraday performed the initial
experiments which resulted in the discovery of the first dynamo, he also
described a phenomenon which has yet to be understood in terms of
conventional electrical theory. In paragraphs 255, 256, and 257 of his
diary [fig. 2, ref. 1], dated December 26, 1831, is described the
experiment of cementing a copper disc on top of a cylinder magnet, paper
intervening, and supporting the magnet by means of a string so as to
rotate axially, with the wires of a galvanometer connected to the edge and
axis of the copper plate. When this combination was caused to rotate an
electrical potential was found to be created. The polarity and the
magnitude of the potential was found to be the same as would occur if the
copper plate had moved and the magnet remained still. Faraday spent his
latter years pondering the relationship between the situation of magnet
and disc rotating together vis-a-vis the situation of fixed magnet and
disc rotating independently. He explained the situation by positing the
assumption that the magnetic field of a magnet remained stationary in
space whilst the metal of the magnet revolved axially. Thus a relative
motion would exist between the moving metal of the magnet and the posited
stationary flux lines giving rise to the expected potential which results
from the motion of a wire through a magnetic field.
Through the years many attempts have
been made to observe whether magnetic field lines rotate with the motion
of a magnet which is rotated about an axis connecting its poles. To date,
no conclusive proof has been found that the lines of force rotate with the
magnet or not. [2, 3] One experimenter Djuric [4] goes so far as to say:
'That no experiment with the generalized homopolar generator or its
classical form can resolve the puzzle, which one of the two logically
possible hypotheses is correct, the moving force line hypothesis or the
nonmoving force line hypothesis."
In 1978, after having studied the
anomalous inertial and gravitational phenomena of the precessing gyroscope
through numerous experiments carried out in the prior seven years, it
occurred to me that anomalous electrical phenomena might occur if the
gyroscope was magnetized, the magnetic lines of force being parallel to
the axis of rotation. Following in the footsteps of Faraday I reasoned the
metal of the magnetized gyroscope moving through its own magnetic field,
when rotated would produce an electrical potential between the axle and
the outer edge of the rotating magnetized flywheel. The voltage thus
created would be described by the well known laws of electrical induction
relating to the relative motion of a conducting wire and a magnetic
field.
As is well known, Lenz's Law applies to
the forces which are generated between a current carrymg wire moving in
the vicinity of a magnetic pole wherein the current through the wire is
the resultant of the electrical potential generated by the motion of said
wire being applied to an external load. In the case of the rotating
cylindrical magnetized conductor, however, it is not clear how Leuz's Law
could be applied. In static measurements current can be passed through a
cylindrical magnet between the outer circumference and the central axle
passing through its poles. The torque developed will be the sarne as one
would get by suspending a copper disc over one of the magnetic poles and
holding the magnet fixed [5, 6]. The question is: since the rotating
gyroscope possesses anomalous inertial and gravitational properties, would
the back torque of the rotating magnetized gyroscope be the same with a
given amount of current passing through it as would be if the rotation
were blocked and a fixed torque measurement made.
Despite the simplicity of the one piece
rotating magnetized conductor, N machine/SPG, compared to the two piece
rotating induction machine or Faraday disc, in the time since its
discovery in 1831, no one had performed a test to see if the same
generator principles were at work as one found in a conventional induction
machine. In 1978 in Santa Barbara, California, a large electromagnetically
excited N machine/SPG was constructed, the "Sunburst" machine. This
machine was independently tested by Dr. Robert Kincheloe, Professor
Emeritus of Electrical Engineering at Stanford University [7]. The
abstract of this report quotes:
"Known for over 150 years, the Faraday
homopolar generator has been claimed to provide a basis for so-called
"free energy" generation, in that under certain conditions the extraction
of electrical output energy is not reflected as a corresponding mechanical
load to the driving source. During 1985 I was invited to test such a
machine. Whfle it did not perform as claimed, repeatable data showed
anomalous results that did not seem to conform to traditional theory. In
particular, under certain assumptions about internally generated output
voltage, the increase in input power when power was extracted from the
generator over that measured due to frictional losses with the generator
unexcited seemed to be either about 13% or 20% of the maximum computed
generated power, depending on interpretation."
After a thoroughgoing critique and
examination of his data Kincheloe concludes:
"DePalma may have been right in that
there is indeed a situation here whereby energy is being obtained from a
previously unknown and unexplained source.
This is a conclusion that most
scientists and engineers would reject out of hand as being a violation of
accepted laws of physics, and if true has incredible implications."
The "Sunburst" machine was an experiment
to determine if the rotating magnet N-machine/SPG operating as an
electrical generator would produce less back torque than a conventional
induction machine generating the same current. A practical SPG would
employ permanent or super-conducting magnets eliminating the burden of
excitation of an open flux path electromagnet. Replacement of sliding
carbon-graphite or copper-graphite brushes with liquid metal contacts
reduces mechanical friction losses by 80%. Brush voltage drop is
negligible in liquid metal sliding contacts. Both of these techniques are
employed in the machines currently produced [8, 9]. Applied to the
"Sunburst" design the techniques of liquid metal current collectors and
permanent magnets for the field excitation could result in a machine with
an output[mput power ratio of 5:1.
A parallel program of SPG r&d has
been taking place in India since 1978. P. Tewari of the Indian Atomic
Power Board had developed a generalized theory of matter and energy which
showed that energy could be developed from the vacuum by positing a
structure for the electron. Having received the experimental results of
the "Sunburst" machine he instituted an r&d program to develop
practical versions of the SPG for general use. Tewari has constructed N
machine"SPG apparatus which produces excess output power over that
required to rotate the generator when all losses have been subtracted from
the output generated power [10,11, 12, 13].
The phenomenon of direct extraction of
electrical energy from space has a simple explanation based on a re
interpretation of magnetism. Heretofore it has been believed that the
magnetic field comes from the magnet. The phenomenon of the magnetic field
can also be explained by positing a Primordial Energy Field, which, in the
first order is uniform and homogeneous. The highly anisotropic condition
of the material of the magnet, if it be the permanent variety, or the
condition created by the passage of electric current through a solenoid,
causes a distortion of the isotropic spatial field which we know as
magnetism. Passing a conducting wire through the spatial distortion
adjacent to the pole of a magnet elicits the electric potential across the
ends of the wire. Field magnets in electric generators do not run down nor
does more electrical excitation need be applied no matter how much energy
is being drawn from the machine. This is because the generated electrical
energy is being drawn from the spatial distortion created by the field
magnets.
The N machine represents a configuration
where two forms of spatial distortion are used to elicit electrical energy
from the homogeneous and isotropic spatial field. In the first instance
there is the spatial distortion created by the anisotropy of the magnet,
and superposed on this is the spatial reaction to the centripetal force
field produced by axial rotation of the magnet. It is a fortuitous
circumstance that energy can be drawn from the superposition of the two
distortions without the drag associated with invocation of Lenz's Law
necessary in the two piece induction machines.
Many fundamental questions
in electromagnetism are re opened by the implications of the experiment
with the rotating magnetized conductor. For those interested in delving
more deeply into these questions I would recommend the reading of the
following references [14, 15, 16, 17, 18].
CONCLUSION
The drag and energy penalty
of the conventional two piece induction electrical generator arises from
the incomplete understanding of magnetism and the nature of the magnetic
field. If we accept the notion that all electricity generation arises from
distortions of a Primordial Energy Field then we could look to methods of
creating the appropriate distortion and concomitant energy generation
without invoking Lenz's Law. Based on this interpretation the rotating
magnetized conductor N machine/SPG is a method of eliciting the spatial
energy without the drag associated with the two piece machines. The
further conclusion is that mechanical energy is not "converted" to
electrical energy in an electrical generator. The idea of "conversion" is
simply an unproven assumption. Different electrical machines produce
energy with different efficiencies. In these days of depletion of natural
resources there would be no reason to employ the induction generator of
150 years ago when electricity could be generated much more efficiently by
the simpler one-piece N machinelSPG.
REFERENCES
[1] Martin, 1932, Thomas Martin ( ed. ), Faraday's
Diary, Bell, 1932, in five volumes.
[2] Cramp and Norgrove, 1936, "Some Investigations on
the Axial Spin of a Magnet and on the Laws of Electromagnetic Induction",
Journal of The Institution of Electrical Engineers, vol.78, 1936,
pp.481491.
[3] Crooks, Litvin, and Matthews, 1978, "One Piece
Faraday Generator: A Paradoxical Experiment from 1851", Am. J. Phys., vol
46(7), July 1978, pp.729-731.
[4] Djuric, 1975, "Spinning Magnetic Fields", J. AppI.
Phys., vol 46, (2), February 1975, pp.679-688.
[5] Kimball, 1926, A. L. Kimball, Jr., 'Torque on a
Revolving Cylindrical Magnet", Phys. Rev., vol 28, December 1928,
pp.1302-1308.
[6] Zeleny, 1924, Zeleny and Page, "Torque on a
Cylindrical Magnet through which a Current is Passing", Phys. Rev., vol
24, ~4 July 1924, pp.544-559.
[7] Kincheloe, 1986, "Homopolar "Free Energy"
Generator Test", paper presented at the 1986 meeting of The Society for
Scientific Exploration, San Francisco, California, June 21, 1986, revised
February 1, 1987. Address: Dr. W. Robert Kinchebe, 401 Durand/ITV,
Stanford, California 94305.
[8] DePalma, 1988, "Initial Testing Report of DePalma
N-1 Electrical Generator", Magnets in Your Future, vol.3(8), August 1988,
PP. 4-7, 27, P.O. Box 580, Temecula, Califomia 92390.
[9] United States Department of Commerce, Business
Daily, Tuesday January 2, 1990, issue no. PSA-9999. "David Taylor Research
Center, code 3311, Annapolis, Maryland 21402- 5067: A Research and
Development Source Sought. Broad Agency Announcement for Homopolar
Machinery and Current Collector Technology." BAA details requirements for
homopolar machinery for ship propulsion. Power range 25,000 to 50,000
horsepower at anticipated current levels of 50,000 to 100,000 amperes.
Superconducting magnets and liquid metal current collectors are called
for. "Field magnets can be normal or superconductive and located internal
to the rotor or external to the stator." Describes combination of N
machine/SPG connected to Faraday disc motor for "integrated electric
drive" ship propulsion.
[10] Paramahamsa Tewari, "Beyond Matter", Printwell
Publications, Aligarh, India, 1984.
[11] Paramahamsa Tewari, "Generation of Electrical
Power from Absolute Vacuum by High Speed Rotation of Conducting Magnetic
Cylinder", Magnets in Your Future, vol. 1 (8), August 1986, P.O. Box 580,
Temecula, California 92390.
[12] Paramahamsa Tewari, "Violation of Conservation of
Charge in Space Power Generation Phenomenon", Paramahamsa Tewari, Chief
Project Engineer, KAIGA Project, Nuclear Power Corporation, Kodibag -
581303, Karwar, Kamataka, India.
[13] Paramahamsa Tewari, "Detection of Stationary and
Dynamic Space Substratum", paper presented at 1990 Borderland Sciences
Congress, Santa Barbara, California, June 14-17, 1990. Borderland
Sciences, P.O. Box 429, Garberville, California 95440-049, U.S.A.
[14] Kennard, E. H., 1917, "On Unipolar Induction:
Another Experiment and its Significance as Evidence for the Existence of
the Aether", Philosophical Magazine, Vol.33, XW, pp. 179-190, 1917
[15] Hooper, W.J., 1963, Unipolar Electromagnetic
Induction, an unabridged account of a paper entitled: "Rotation of flux
about a Magnetic Axis", presented at the Am. Physical Soc. meeting, St.
Louis, March 25-28, 1963
[16] MuIler, Francisco J., 1990, "Unipolar Induction
Experiments and Relativistic Electrodynamics", Galilean Electrodynamics,
Vol. 1, No.3 May-June 1990, pp.27-31, Francisco J. Muller, 8470 5. W. 33rd
Terrace, Miami, Florida 33155.
[17] Das Gupta, A. K., 1963, "Unipolar Machines,
Association of the Magnetic Field with the Field Producing Magnet", Am. J'
Phys., Vol.31, 1963, pp.428-30.
[18] Tesla, N., 1891, "Notes on a Unipolar Dynamo",
The Electrical Engineer, N.Y., Sept. 2, 1891.
Знаете ли Вы, как разрешается парадокс Ольберса? (Фотометрический парадокс, парадокс Ольберса - это один из парадоксов космологии, заключающийся в том, что во Вселенной, равномерно заполненной звёздами, яркость неба (в том числе ночного) должна быть примерно равна яркости солнечного диска. Это должно иметь место потому, что по любому направлению неба луч зрения рано или поздно упрется в поверхность звезды. Иными словами парадос Ольберса заключается в том, что если Вселенная бесконечна, то черного неба мы не увидим, так как излучение дальних звезд будет суммироваться с излучением ближних, и небо должно иметь среднюю температуру фотосфер звезд. При поглощении света межзвездным веществом, оно будет разогреваться до температуры звездных фотосфер и излучать также ярко, как звезды. Однако в дело вступает явление "усталости света", открытое Эдвином Хабблом, который показал, что чем дальше от нас расположена галактика, тем больше становится красным свет ее излучения, то есть фотоны как бы "устают", отдают свою энергию межзвездной среде. На очень больших расстояниях галактики видны только в радиодиапазоне, так как их свет вовсе потерял энергию идя через бескрайние просторы Вселенной. Подробнее читайте в FAQ по эфирной физике.
In the autumn of 1831 when Michael Faraday performed the initial
experiments which resulted in the discovery of the first dynamo, he also
described a phenomenon which has yet to be understood in terms of
conventional electrical theory. In paragraphs 255, 256, and 257 of his
diary [fig. 2, ref. 1], dated December 26, 1831, is described the
experiment of cementing a copper disc on top of a cylinder magnet, paper
intervening, and supporting the magnet by means of a string so as to
rotate axially, with the wires of a galvanometer connected to the edge and
axis of the copper plate. When this combination was caused to rotate an
electrical potential was found to be created. The polarity and the
magnitude of the potential was found to be the same as would occur if the
copper plate had moved and the magnet remained still. Faraday spent his
latter years pondering the relationship between the situation of magnet
and disc rotating together vis-a-vis the situation of fixed magnet and
disc rotating independently. He explained the situation by positing the
assumption that the magnetic field of a magnet remained stationary in
space whilst the metal of the magnet revolved axially. Thus a relative
motion would exist between the moving metal of the magnet and the posited
stationary flux lines giving rise to the expected potential which results
from the motion of a wire through a magnetic field.
