- (, , -);
- (, , ).
, , (, ).
, - , . , . , , .
- , . , , -. .
. . . . , . 5, .
, .
- . . 50- XX .
- . , . 50- XX .
- . , . 60- XX .
- . , . , 80- XX .
- . . 90- XX .
50- XX . General Motors IBM-701. 60- XX . . 7.2 .
[Silberschatz-Galvin 1995].
- Atlas. (). , (, ), .
- XDS-940. (). . .
- THE. (). , .
- CTSS. (), .
- MULTICS. CTSS. Unix.
- OS/360. IBM/360. .
- Unix. Unix 1 1970 . Unix . 1969 . Unix , , (http://perso.wanadoo.fr/levenez/unix/).
(Peter H. Salus) [Salus 1994] (Douglas McIlroy) , UNIX . Unix.
"" , NACHOS (Not Another Completely Heuristic Operating System), (Wayne Christopher), (Steve Procter) (Thomas Anderson) 1992 . (http://www.stanford.edu/class/csl40/projects/).
() (. 7.3).
, .
- () . . :
- ;
- .
- . , , . . , [, 2001]:
- - ;
- - ;
- - .
- . , . , . , , , .
[Tanenbaum 1995]. . 6 , ( ) . , .
- . , .
- . , , .
.
- . , .
- . , .
, (. 7.4).
[, 2001], .
- .
- , .
- . .
- .
- . .
- .
- . , - (. . 7.2.1.2).
- . , .
, , . . 6.1.3.1 . , .
, :
- ;
- ;
- .
.
- . , , .
- . . , .
- . . , .
. , , - .
, .
- . , (. 7.5, ).
- . . , (. 7.5, ).
- . . - , . - , . . , . "-" , (. 7.5, ).
- . , , , . . .
, .
: ,
- . Windows?
: Windows Unix. "" . .
- Windows:
- ;
- ;
- ;
- - , ;
- - "";
- . - MS-DOS;
- .
- Unix:
- ;
- ;
- ;
- - , ;
- ;
- ( - (Ken Thompson) (Dennis Ritchie)) ;
- .
Unix . , Solaris . , , .
. 7.1, . 7.2 .
7.1.
| Pentium (Intel) | Alpha (DEC) | SuperSparc (Sun) | PA7100 (HP) | |
| Windows | Windows | - | - | - |
| OS/2 | OS/2 | - | - | - |
| Unix | Solaris, SCO | OSF1 | Solaris, SunOS | HP-UX |
7.2.
| - |
- |
(1996 ) | (2000 ) | |
| MS-DOS | x86 | Pentium | 180 000 000 | 5 000 000 |
| Windows 3.* | x86 | Pentium | 130 000 000 | 5 000 000 |
| Windows 9, 2 | Pentium | 86 | 60 000 000 | 300 000 000 |
| Windows NT | Pentium | Power PC, Alpha | 3 000 000 | 40 000 000 |
| IBM OS/2 | Pentium | x86 | 12 000 000 | 25 000 000 |
| Macintosh | Power PC | 680 | 25 000 000 | 35 000 000 |
| Sun Solaris | SPARC | Pentium | 1 500 000 | 10 000 000 |
| Unix | 6 000 000 | 20 000 000 |
, , .
. :
- " " [- 1977]. ( , ) ;
- " " [- 2001]. ;
- "Operating system concepts" [Silberschatz-Galvin 1995]. ;
- "Distributed operating system" [Tanenbaum 1995]. .
. :
- Windows:
- " Microsoft Windows 2000" [, - 2001];
- " TCP/IP" [ 1997];
- Unix:
- " UNIX" [ 1997];
- "UNIX: " [, , , 1999];
- "A Quarter Century of UNIX" [Salus 1994].
. , .
(process), .
- - , .
- - , , ( , . .).
- , - , .
- - , .
- - .
60- XX MULTICS.
, :
- - . - , ;
- . - , .
. , - , - .
(. 7.6):
- - , , ;
- - ;
- - (, );
- - , , ;
- - , ;
- - , ;
- - , .
:
- (ID);
- , ;
- ;
- ;
- .
7.1 , Unix.
7.1. Unix
void main() {int status;
int child_pid, child_status;
child_pid = fork();
if (child_pid == 0) { /* */
execlpC'ls", "ls", (char*)0);
exit(1); /*
execlp */
}
else if (child_pid != -1) { /* */
status = wait(&child_status);
printf(" %d %d \n", status, child_status);
}
}
7.2 , Windows.
7.2. Windows
void main() {STARTUPINFO si;
PROCESS_INFORMATION pi;
ZeroMemory(&si, sizeof(si));
si.cb = sizeof(si);
ZeroMemory(&pi, sizeof(pi));
if( !CreateProcess(NULL, "c:\\windows\\notepad.exe",
NULL, NULL, FALSE, 0, NULL, NULL,
&si, &pi)) {
ErrorExit("He .");
}
WaitForSingleObject(pi.hProcess, INFINITE); //
CloseHandle(pi.hProcess); //
CloseHandle(pi.hThread);
}
() (thread) - . ( ) ().
. , . , , . , .
, :
- ;
- ;
- ;
- .
Solaris. () (. 7.7).
- , . .
- . .
- () . . ( - ). .
, . , (, ). .
, , 80- XX , . 1995 . IEEE POSIX 1003.1-1995. , , . :
- , POSIX-. :
- "" POSIX-. , IEEE POSIX -1995 ( ISO/IEC 9945-1:1996), ANSI/IEEE 1003.1;
- DCE-, POSIX - 1003. la;
- Unix International , Solaris- [Lewis, Berg 1995]. Solaris Sun Microsystems UnixWare 2 SCO;
- Microsoft. , Microsoft:
- WIN32, Windows, Windows 2000, Windows 95, Windows 98, Windows ME Windows ;
- OS/2, OS/2 IBM;
- . . threads, Mach.
. : ( , ).
7.3 , POSIX Solaris. , :
% thread_example. -Ithread -Ipthread7.3. POSIX Solaris
#define _REENTRANT
#include <pthread.h>
#include <thread.h> #define NUM_THREADS 5
#define SLEEP_TIME 10 void *sleeping(void
*); /* , */
int i;
thread_t tid[NUM_THREADS]; /* */
void main(int argc, char *argv[]){
switch ( *argv[1]) (
case '0' : /* POSIX */
for ( i = 0; i < NUM_THREADS; i++)
pthread_create(&tid[i],
NULL, sleeping, SLEEP_TIME);
for ( i = 0; i < NUM_THREADS; i++)
pthread_join(tid[i],
NULL);
break;
case '1': /* Solaris */
for ( i = 0; i < NUM_THREADS; i++)
thr_create(NULL,0,sleeping,NULL,0,&tid[i]);
while (thr_join(NULL, NULL, NULL)
== 0)
;
break;
} /* switch */
printf("Bce %d \n", i);
}
printf(" %d %d \n",
thr_self(), SLEEP_TIME);
sleep(sleep_time);
printf(" %d \n", thr_self());
}
( , ) , (MT-safe). , .
(signals) - , Unix. , [Lewine 1995].
:
- ;
- , ;
- ;
- :
- ;
- (, );
- ;
- .
- ;
- , , ;
- .
- , . :
- SIGFPE (8) - ;
- SIGILL (4) - ;
- SIGSEGV (11) - ;
- SIGBUS (10) - ();
- , , . :
- SIGINT (2) - ( <Ctrl>+<C>);
- SIGQUIT (3) - ( <Ctrl>+<\>);
- SIGTERM (15) - , kill;
- SIGKILL (9) - , , ;
- SIGHUP (1) - ;
- , , . . :
- SIGSTOP (23) - ;
- SIGTSTP (24) - ( <Ctrl>+<z>);
- SIGCONT (25) - ;
- SIGCHLD (18) - .
- ( ) ;
- ( ) .
- ;
- ;
- .
- ;
- .
- () , {0,1};
- : - ;
- : . v :
- . , - v;
- . , , v , ;
- . .
- , , , . "" (wait), , ;
- , "" (signal). , . " - ".
- ( , ).
- ( , ).
- ( , ).
- ( , , ).
- (" "). , .
- (prevention) - , , . , .
- () (, , ).
- (), . . .
- () . , , , . .
- ( ), , , , . , .
- (avoidance) - , . , . .
- , , . .
- , . , , . .
- : , . - , . . , .
- (detection) - , , , , .
- ( , ).
- ( , ).
- ( ).
- - , "" .
- - ;
- () - .
- , , .
- .
- .
- , , , .
- .
- ( ) ;
- (system defined) (user defined);
- (, 70- XX ) ;
- ( ) (random).
- , , (First Comes First Served - FCFS). . , .
- () (Round Robbin - RR). , . - , .
- (Shortest Job First - SJF). . . , . ( ).
- (Shortest Rest Time - SRT). .
- . , , . . , . , . , , , (, ). , .
- ( ) ;
- , ;
- .
- . (, , ).
- . , .
- . .
- . .
- . ().
- . (, ).
- ( ). .
- , ;
- ;
- ;
- - . , : .
- ( 1 2 ) Ethernet, Token ring.
- ( 3- ) IP.
- ( 4- ) TCP, UDP.
- ( 5, 6 7- ) FTP, SMTP, telnet, nfs - , , .
- . TCP/IP - , ;
- -. TCP/IP - IP-;
- . , , , .
- . Ethernet 6- ;
- IP-. IP-. , . . IP- , TCP/IP. ARP (Address Resolution Protocol) RARP (Reverse Address Resolution Protocol);
- , , .
- , , . ;
- , .
- 1 - 126 ( );
- 128 - 191 ( );
- 192 - 223 254 ( ).
- , . . ;
- ;
- .
- IP- ;
- IP- ( ), , ;
- .
- :
- () , , , ;
- () . . , - ;
- :
- () , , , , . , , ;
- . , ;
- :
- , . ;
- . , ;
- :
- . . , , . , . , (). ;
- , . . , , , , ;
- , :
- . , , , . . , , , ;
- , , . - , ;
- , , . , ;
- :
- ;
- .
- , ;
- , ;
- .
- ( -) . . . . . , . . . , , , , . , - , . , , . RIP (Routing Information Protocol);
- () 1970 . , . , , , . . , . . OSPF (Open Shortest Path First) IS-IS (Intermediate System to Intermediate System);
- () . . . , , , . BGP (Border Gateway Protocol) EGP (Exterior Gateway Protocol).
- , , X Y, Y X. ;
- , , ;
- , , , ;
- (" " - route-poisoning) . . "", .
- , , , , ;
- (. . ). . , , . , - . , , ( ), . , , . , ;
- -, ;
- . - . , . , . ., , ;
- ("" ). , . , (.. ). , .
- ;
- ;
- IP- ;
- ;
- , .
- ;
- ;
- ;
- .
- - , "", , , - "", . , "" - , , ;
- , , , TCP/IP;
- : "" ;
- "" ( ), ;
- "" , -;
- ;
- "" , . .
- (, , );
- (, ).
- ;
- ;
- , ;
- .
- .
- , .
- , - " ?";
- , . " ?" ;
- , . .
- , "";
- , , ;
- , ( ), . , "".
- BEGIN_TRANSACTION - ;
- END_TRANSACTION - ;
- ABORT_TRANSACTION - , , ;
- READ - ;
- WRITE - .
- . "" . "" .
- . , " ". , . , .
- . . , .
- (). , , . . .
- (). . , , , .
- (). , . .
- " ". , , " " "". ;
- , " " " ". , , " " "". , , , ABORTJTRANSACTION.
- (" "). , ;
- . :
- . ();
- . , , . , , . , , . , , , . , , , , , ;
- . , "" , "" . "" .
- . , , ;
- . ( ) -;
- , .
- . , . .
- , .
- , , .
- , , , ( ).
- .
- ?
- , ?
- , ?
- , . .
- , , .
- , .
- . , .
- .
- .
- .
- .
- .
- .
- , , .
- , .
- ;
- .
- ( ) . , . . .
- . , .
- . , .
- .
- (. . , ) .
- , , . : , . , .
- , . , . .
- , . .
- . , , . . , . , . -
- . . . , . , .
- . . , , . , . , , (, ).
- , , . .
- , , . , .
- .
- , , .
- . , , .
- , , ;
- , , .
- (overlay) - , () , - , ;
- (swapping) - ;
- - ( , , , ).
- -, , , ;
- -, , (translation look-aside buffer - TLB). . 8- 16- 90%.
- MS-DOS - ;
- Cray - .
- .
- .
- (placement policy) , .
- (fetch policy) , .
- (replacement policy) , , .
- . . 2 .
- , . , , .
- , , .
- . , . (, , ).
- ( ). , . , .
- . , - .
- . - , - . , .
- . .
- . .
- . . , - . . , . , , 0-0, 0-1, 1-0 , , 1-1.
- . - , , , , , , .
- , , .
- , , . - , . , , .
- . . . , . , , .
- . , . () , . , , .
- . . . . . .
- . - . . , .
- . " " , "" . () , . .
- . 1979 . , , . ( ).
- . , , - ( ) - ( ) .
- . , , , . , , .
- . :
- ;
- , ;
- , () .
- .
- -, , .
- . .
- .
- . , - .
- . .
- -. , .
- . , . - .
- . , , ;
- . ;
- . , , ;
- ;
- , ;
- , , ;
- , , .
- ;
- ;
- ;
- ;
- .
- , . , , :
- ;
- ;
- . ( ) .
- ;
- ;
- - ;
- - . - , - ;
- - .
- , . .
- , .
- (), .
- -, .
- -, ( , -) .
- . , (, ).
- . , .
- , , .
- , , .
- . , , :
- "-". ;
- ;
- (), , .
- ?
- ? .
- , , .
- , .
- ;
- ;
- ( ).
- : , ;
- : , , ;
- : , - .
- . - , . .
- 10 . 4 . , .
- , . : .
- , . : .
- . : .
- . : .
- . : .
- . ' .
- ? : , .
- ? : (, Unix DOS) .
- ? , .
- . - .
- . , , , , .
- . - .
- . , .
- . .
:
:
7.4 Pascal, SIGSEGV.
7.4. SIGSEGV
program SegmentationViolation;type
Pinteger = "integer;
var
IntVar: integer;
NullPtr: Pinteger;
begin
NullPtr := nil;
{ SIGSEGV }
IntVar := NullPtr";
end.
7.5 , .
7.5.
#include <signal.h>static void reaction (int i){
printf(" %d \n", i);
exit(i);
}
void main(){
if (signal(SIGINT, SIG_IGN) != SIG_IGN)
signal(SIGINT, reaction);
printf(" \") ;
while (1);
printf(" \");
}
<Ctrl>+<C> :
% .out
2
7.6 , . .
7.6.
#include <signal.h>
#include <setjmp.h>
static jmp_buf jb;
static void reaction (int i){
printf(" %d \n", i);
longjmp(jb, i);
}
void main(){
if (signal(SIGINT, SIG_IGN) != SIG_IGN)
signal(SIGINT, reaction);
if (!setjmp(jb))
printf(" setjmp
\n");
else
printf(" longjmp
\n");
printf(" \");
while (1);
}
<Ctrl>+<C> :
% a.out
setjmp
2
longjmp
%
, . :
- .
- , . , , .
-- , . , .. . ( ) - .
- - -. . , , .
- , . , - .
, ( ). , :
:= + 1.
- , .
"", . " ".
7.7 . . :
7.7.
enum state { UNLOCKED, LOCKED
};
typedef struct {
char status [2]; /*
*/
char turn; /*
*/
} lock_t;
void init_lock(lock_t* lock) {
lock->status[0]
= UNLOCKED;
lock->status[1]
= UNLOCKED;
lock->turn
= 0;
}
void lock(volatile lock_t*
lock) {
/*
*/
lock->status[cur_proc_id()] = LOCKED;
/* ,
*/
while ( lock->status[other_proc_id()] == LOCKED) (
/* ,
- */
if ( lock->turn != cur_proc__id () ) {
lock->status[cur_proc_id())
= UNLOCKED;
while ( lock->turn == other_proc_id())
;
lock->status[cur_proc_id()]
= LOCKED;
}
}
}
void unlock(lock_t* lock) {
lock->status[cur_proc_id()] = UNLOCKED;
lock->turn = other_proc_id();
}
- test_and_set(a, b) ( ). . , - . :
. , S PARC- idstub (load store unsigned byte) (. . 6.4.3.6):
Idstub [addr] , reg
addr reg, addr . 7.8 test_and_set idstub.
7.8. test_and_set
int test_and_set (volatile int*
addr) {
asm (Idstub [addr], reg);
if ( reg
= 0)
return
0;
return 1;
}
- , . , , , . 7.9 test_and_set.
7.9.
typedef int lock_t;
void init_lock(lock_t* lock_status)
{
*lock_status
= 0;
}
void lock(volatile lock_t* lock_status) {
while (
test_and_set(lock_status) == 1)
;
}
void unlock(lock_t* lock_status)
{
*lock_status
= 0;
}
. 7.10 .
7.10.
enum state { UNLOCKED, LOCKED
};
typedef int lock_t;
void init_lock(lock_t* lock)
{
*lock =
UNLOCKED;
}
void lock (volatile lock_t* lock) {
disable_interrupts;
/* */
while (
lock != UNLOCKED) {
enable_interrupts;
/* */
disable_interrupts;
}
lock =
LOCKED;
enable_interrupts;
}
void unlock(lock_t* lock)
{
disable_interrupts;
lock =
UNLOCKED;
enable_interrupts;
}
- , v . 60- XX . :
P(S): if ( S>0)
then
S:=S-1
else
__(S)
V(S): if ( ___(3))
then
_ (S)
else
S:=S+1.
, v (, ). , . Proberen - Verhogen - .
, , :
7.11.
7.11.
typedef struct {
lock_t lock; /*
*/
int count; /*
*/
proc_t* head; /* */
proc_t* tail
} sema_t;
void init_sema(sema_t* seraa, int initial_count) {
init_lock(&sema->lock);
sema->head = NULL;
sema->tail = NULL;
sema-> count = initial_count;
}
void P(sema_t* sema) {
lock(&sema->lock);
sema->count-- ;
if ( sema->count < 0) {
if ( sema->head == NULL)
sema->head = u.u_procp;
else
sema->tail~>p_next = u.u_procp;
u.u_procp->p_next = NULL;
sema->tail = u.u_procp;
unlock(&sema->lock);
switch();
return;
}
unlock(&sema->lock);
}
void V(sema_t* sema) {
proc_t* p;
lock(&sema->lock);
sema->count++;
if ( sema->count <= 0) {
p = sema->head;
sema->head = p->p_next;
if ( sema->head == NULL)
sema->tail = NULL;
unlock(ssema->lock);
enqueue(Srunqueue, p);
return;
}
unlock(&sema->lock);
}
- , , , .
. . , , , , . .
:
. (condition variable). , , wait (_) signal(_).
7.12 . , Pascal, monitor.
7.12.
monitor sema;
var
s: integer =
1; /* , */
res_is_free:
cond_t;
procedure P; /*
*/
begin
if s = 1
then s := 0
else wait(res_is_free)
end;
procedure V; /*
*/
begin
s := 1;
signal(res_is_free)
end;
end monitor;
Ada - task (). . , accept . . .
"-". "" , "" . , . . 7.13-7.16 , , Ada, .
7.13.
char buf[N];
int head = 0, tail =0, n =
0;
lock_t lock_status;
void put(char c) {
while ( n ==
N)
wait ();
lock(lock_status);
buf[head] = c;
head = (head
+ 1)%N;
n++;
unlock(lock_status)
;
}
char get() (
while ( n ==
0)
wait ();
lock(lock_status);
= buf[tail];
tail = (tail
+ 1)%N;
n--;
unlock(lock_status);
return c;
}
7.14.
char buf[N];
int head = 0, tail = 0;
sema_t holes, chars;
init_sema(holes, N);
init_sema(chars, 0);
void put(char c) {
P(holes);
buf[head] = c;
head = (head
+ 1)%N;
V(chars);
}
char get() {
P(chars);
= buf[tail];
tail = (tail
+ 1)%N;
V(holes);
return c;
}
7.15.
char buf[N];
int head = 0, tail = 0, n
= 0;
cond_t not_empty, not_full;
void put(char c) {
while (n = N)
wait(not_full);
buf[head] = c;
head = (head
+ 1)%N;
n++;
signal(not_erapty);
}
char get() {
while (n == 0)
wait(not_empty);
= buf[tail];
tail = (tail
+ 1)%N;
n--;
signal(not_full);
return c;
}
7.16. Ada
task body Buffer is
buf: array(0..N-1)
of CHAR;
head, tail: INTEGER range 0..N-1 := 0;
n: INTEGER range 0..N := 0;
begin
loop
select
when
n < N => accept put(in c: CHAR) do
buf[head]
= c;
end;
n
+:= 1;
head
= (head + 1) mod N;
or
when
n > 0 => accept get(out c: CHAR) do
= buf[tail];
end;
n
-:= 1;
tail
= (tail + 1) mod N;
end select;
end loop;
end Buffer;
"-". , . -"" , -"". "" , , , . "" .
- . - ( - , - ). ( ) : .
- , . - .
- , ( , ).
, .
[, 1977].
.
( , ) , .
. . 7.8 (. 7.8, ) ( ) () (. 7.8, ).
() . - (.. , ) . , . :, .
- : . , - , - .
- , - . - () . , - , , . , , , . , , .
, , . , . , , , "". , .
. 7.9 .
, 1 2, / . P11 21. , 1 ( ). 2, . 12. .
. , (""). " ", .
- , (), ( ). - .
.
.
.
- , . :
.
- , .
- . :
. . , .
- (Open Systems Interconnections - OSI), ISO. :
- GOSIP (Government OSI Profile), . , , , [, , , 1999]:
, .
TCP/IP
1969 TCP/IP (Transfer Control Protocol/Internet Protocol). . OSI TCP/IP.
TCP/IP (. 7.10). [Stevens 1994].
:
, - ,
-, -.
. . " "
, :
, , (. 7.11).
TCP/IP [, , , 1999]:
IP-
IP- - , , TCP/IP.
:
IP- , . IP-. - . :
0, 127 255 IP-. 224-239, , 240-254, .
( ) , . , , . 7.2.3.4.
, . - IPv4 32- . IPv6 [, , 2000]. 128- , 240 .
, . . 7.3 .
7.3.
| , | |
| 7 | ECHO - |
| 20 | FTP - File Transfer Protocol (Default Data) - |
| 21 | FTP - File Transfer Protocol (Control) - |
| 23 | TELNET - |
| 25 | SMTP - Simple Mail Transfer Protocol - |
| 53 | DNS - Domain Name Server - |
| 79 | FINGER - |
| 111 | RPC - Remote Procedure Call - |
| 115 | SFTP - Simple File Transfer Protocol - |
| 123 | NTP - Network Time Protocol - |
| 161 | SNMP- Simple Network Management Protocol- |
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1. , , 2000 - . ., . ., . . IPv6 - . // , 2, 2000.
2. 1986- . Unix. - .: , 1986.
3. 1990- . : , , .- .: , 1990.
4. 2000 - . . (6- .). - .; .; : "", 2000.
5. 1987 - . . - .: , 1987.
6. 1995 - . UNIX System V Release 4.2. - - , 1995.
7. 1998- . UNIX . 1, 2. - - , 1998.
8. , 1997- . ., . . . - .: -95, 1997.
9. 1985- . . - .: , 1985.
10. 1986- . . - .: , 1986.
11. 1975' - . . - .: , 1975.
12. 1999- . . .- .: "", 1999.
13. , 1998 - . ., . . .-: , 1998.
14. , , , 1999 - ., ., ., . UNIX: . - .: BHV - -, 1999.
15. 1997 - . . . - .: - , 1997.
16. , 2001 - . ., . . . - .: , 2001.
17. 1997 - . . UNIX. - .: BHV - -, 1997.
18. , 2001 - ., . Microsoft Windows 2000. -. - .: , .: - " ", 2001.
19. 1997- . TCP/IP. - .: BHV, 1997.
20. , 1977 - ., . . - .: , 1977.
21. Lewine 1995- Donald A. Lewine. POSIX Programmer's Guide. O'Reilly & Associates, Inc. 1995.
22. Lewis, Berg 1995 - Bil Lewis, Daniel J. Berg. A Guide to Multithreaded Programming. Threads Primer. SunSoft Press. A Prentice Hall Title. 1995.
23. Salus 1994 - Peter H. Salus. A Quarter Century of UNIX. Addison-Wesley Publishing. 1994.
24. Silberschatz, Galvin 1995 - Silberschatz A., Galvin P. Operating system concepts. Addison-Wesley Publishing. 1995.
25. Stevens 1994 - W. Richard Stevens. TCP/IP Illustrated: the protocols. Addison-Wesley Publishing. 1994.
26. Tanenbaum 1995 - Andrew S. Tanenbaum. Distributed operating system. Prentice-Hall, Inc. 1995.
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