A.L. Dmitriev   Galileo Galilei   George Nikitin  

Change of Weight of Airtight Container with Built-in Electromechanical Vibrator

A. L. Dmitriev, E. M. Nikushchenko, N. N. Chesnokov

St. Petersburg National Research University of Information Technologies, Mechanics and Optics,

49 Kronverksky Prospect, St-Petersburg, 197101, Russia 

Abstract. Weight (mass) of airtight container about 1.1  with electromechanical vibrator built-in inside, with independent supply and contactless control, has been measured. Decrease of container mass up to 170 , basically, is determined by heating of copper wire of vibrator electromagnet and practically is not related to artifacts – change of buoyancy, air convection, electromagnetic interference.

PACS: 06.30. Dr

     Problems referring to the influence of accelerated motion and body temperature on its physical weight (gravity mass) have been repeatedly discussed [1-6]. The results concerning weighing of mechanical rotor with horizontal axis of rotation and indicative of dependence of rotor mass being measured on its angular velocity of rotation are given in [3].The results of experiments concerning precise weighing of insulated containers with sample of metal being heated electrically or chemically are described in [7]. Data of these measurements demonstrate relatively strong negative temperature dependence of mass of nonmagnetic metals (brass, titanium, copper etc.) with relative value  about . In the given experiment weighing of massive cylinder container with electromechanical vibrator installed inside with mild steel core oscillating along the vertical has been carried out. Structure of container is given in Fig. 1.

Fig. 1. Structure of container. 1,2 – hermetically connected parts of housing; 3 – batteries; 4 – electromechanical vibrator (contains electromagnet and core supported by springs); 5 – heat seal; 6 – pulse generator; 7 – photodiode generator control.

     Parts and details of container were tightly connected and junction points were filled with bi-component polymer adhesive providing almost complete tightness of entire construction. Mass of assembled container - 1104.346 g, batteries - 213 g, vibrator core - 2.36 g. Switching on/off of unipolar pulse generator with amplitude 12 V, duration of 2.9 ms and period of 4.4 ms was carried out by visual signal setting to photodiode 7. Container was weighted using Manual Mass Comparator ССЕ 1005 (“Sartorius AG”) in special metrological room at air temperature 21.8, relative humidity 36% and atmospheric pressure 1017 hPa. Error (discreteness) of mass counting didn’t exceed the value of 10 . Contactless control of the pulse generator connected to vibrator was carried out via glass wall of balance showcase (ordinary laser pointer was used).

An example of typical time dependence of container mass change is given in Fig. 2.

Fig. 2. Time dependence of container mass change

Pulse generator was switched on at time «1» and switched off within 20 sec at time «2»; the readouts of the balance were carried out every 20 sec. The effective value of the amperage within exciting coil was 500 mA.

    The internal resistance of the battery is significantly lower than the resistance of the vibrator electric coil with value of 12 , and power loss within the battery as well as within generator circuitry is also much less than on load resistance. Therefore, the heat is being released basically within vibrator electric coil. In this case relatively slow propagation of the heat wave within coil copper wire and as a result of heat exchange within housing of vibrator coil and insulating layers is observed.                                                             

    Energy , dissipated in resistance  of vibrator winding is equal , where   - effective current,   and  sec – current duration. Design value , equal to 60 J, allows to evaluate the order of  change of temperature of copper wire, , where  g – mass of wire and  - specific heat capacity of copper, therewith . Actual value of  is about half as much due to heat exchange processes given above. This fact is proved by time dependence (shown in Fig. 3) of surface temperature of vibrator electric coil by passing of direct current with value 500 mA equal to effective current by weighing; the given dependence is measured in adiabatic regime of heating when the thermosensor and coil have been thoroughly thermally insulated. It can be seen that increase of coil surface temperature within first 3 minutes of measurements didn’t exceed .

Fig. 3.  Surface temperature of thermally insulated coil of vibrator electromagnet by direct current 500 mA (heating time 20 sec, start heating at time «1», one marking of time scale 15 sec)

Fig. 4. Time dependence of container lid temperature (one marking of time scale 30 sec).

Fig. 4 gives time dependence of temperature of container upper lid obtained at the same switching on regime of vibrator as by weighing. It follows from the figure that within first 80-100 sec of observations in which the change of container mass achieves maximum value of about 170, the temperature of container lid monotonically increases not more than by . Thereby, as it can be shown using Glaser theory [8], the apparent decrease of container mass determined by air convection doesn’t exceed 12. Insignificant influence of convection on measurement results is proved as well by the common time course of container mass dependence shown in Fig. 2 and its comparison with Fig. 4.

   The reason of container weight (mass) change is obviously of thermal nature, i. e. it is related to heating and further, within 1-1.5 minutes after start measurements, slow cooling of vibrator coil, as well as to lesser extent it is related to heating of power supplies and electronic devices of signal generators. Deformation of massive steel container housing caused by insignificant change of air pressure within its volume is practically equal to zero, therefore, change of buoyancy (Archimedes force) affecting the results of weighing is also equal to zero. The extreme nature of time dependence of the container mass change considering monotonic, over the period of more than 5 minutes, dependence of the container lid temperature (Fig. 4) indicates that fundamentally possible insignificant depressurization of the container (leakage) doesn’t cause the decrease of mass being observed. The fact that decrease of the container mass occurs within one minute after vibrator switching off confirms that electromagnetic and vibrating (acoustic) interference couldn’t cause the observed time dependence of the mass value. Referring to Fig. 2, the container gross mass slowly returns to its initial value as a result of heat dissipation within container, heat transfer from its surface and decrease of temperature of vibrator coil.  

    Let’s calculate relative temperature weight change of the vibrator coil copper wire ,  where , therewith   ( , ,). Sign and order of the given magnitude  are well agreed with values obtained in [4-6].

    So, the experimental results displayed in the given article confirm previously noticed relatively strong negative temperature dependence of the copper specimen physical weight. It is expedient to fulfill further experimental studies using precision scales in vacuum to explain the dependence being observed.    

    The authors express their gratitude to V. A. Korablev for consultation with regard to temperature measurement technique. 

References

  1. Quinn T. J., Picard A.  // Nature. 1990. Vol. 343. P. 732
  2. Faller J. T. et. al. // Phys. Rev. Lett. 1990. Vol. 64. P. 825
  3. Dmitriev A. L., Snegov V. S // Measurement Techniques. 2001. Vol. 44. No 8. P. 831
  4. Dmitriev A. L, Nikushchenko E. M., Snegov V. S. // Measurement Techniques. 2003. Vol. 46. No 2. P. 115
  5. Dmitriev A. L. // AIP Conference Proc. 2008. Vol. 969. P. 1163; 2009. Vol. 1103. P. 345; 2010. Vol. 1208. P. 237
  6. Dmitriev A. L. // Physics Procedia. 2012.  Vol. 38. P. 150
  7. Dmitriev A. L., Bulgakova S. A. // Proc. WASET. 2013.  Issue 79. P.  338
  8. Glaser M. // Metrologia. 1990. Vol. 27. P. 95
A.L. Dmitriev   Galileo Galilei   George Nikitin  
Знаете ли Вы, что такое "Большой Взрыв"?
Согласно рупору релятивистской идеологии Википедии "Большой взрыв (англ. Big Bang) - это космологическая модель, описывающая раннее развитие Вселенной, а именно - начало расширения Вселенной, перед которым Вселенная находилась в сингулярном состоянии. Обычно сейчас автоматически сочетают теорию Большого взрыва и модель горячей Вселенной, но эти концепции независимы и исторически существовало также представление о холодной начальной Вселенной вблизи Большого взрыва. Именно сочетание теории Большого взрыва с теорией горячей Вселенной, подкрепляемое существованием реликтового излучения..."
В этой тираде количество нонсенсов (бессмыслиц) больше, чем количество предложений, иначе просто трудно запутать сознание обывателя до такой степени, чтобы он поверил в эту ахинею.
На самом деле взорваться что-либо может только в уже имеющемся пространстве.
Без этого никакого взрыва в принципе быть не может, так как "взрыв" - понятие, применимое только внутри уже имеющегося пространства. А раз так, то есть, если пространство вселенной уже было до БВ, то БВ не может быть началом Вселенной в принципе. Это во-первых.
Во-вторых, Вселенная - это не обычный конечный объект с границами, это сама бесконечность во времени и пространстве. У нее нет начала и конца, а также пространственных границ уже по ее определению: она есть всё (потому и называется Вселенной).
В третьих, фраза "представление о холодной начальной Вселенной вблизи Большого взрыва" тоже есть сплошной нонсенс.
Что могло быть "вблизи Большого взрыва", если самой Вселенной там еще не было? Подробнее читайте в FAQ по эфирной физике.

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